Investigating the Use of Inclusive Design in Public Places and Architecture

Draft: Investigating The usage of inclusive design in public topographic points and architecture Purpose The chief purpose of the check, is to briefly investigate and explicate methods used in order to make an across-the-board enviourment in architecture, for people with assorted types of disablements. Assorted subjects, which will reason to the concluding solution, will be the history, standard methods used for Barrier-free design and instances surveies demoing assorted s methods being implanted to make such an inclusive and non-stereotypical enviourment. Definition of Inclusive Design. Inclusive Design which can be besides known as Design-for-all, Lifespan design, Barrier Free Design and Human-Centered Design is a motion aimed in making merchandises, enviourments and communications.which are functional and safe. Inclusive design is largely aimed to make a non discrimitive and stereotyped enviourment which suits the demand to accommodate to all types of users chiefly disabled, without the demand of add-on aid. this helps to make a autonomous society. ( EBDFID p135 ) . Harmonizing to the Book â€Å"Universal Design Creating an Inclusive Work† , Inclusive design should non know apart faith beliefs, category, gender, sexual orientation and most significantly disablement, barrier free design believes in a word were everyone is treated indifferently and with the same human rights. ( UD pg 15 ) â€Å"Universal design is the design of merchandises and environments to be useable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the demand for version or specialized design.† –Ron Mace 1988 In order for something to be considered as an Inclusive Design, it should incorporate the undermentioned Principles.Equitable Use ( giving off equal chances to all users regardless their abilities )Flexibility in Use ( Can be modified to the users need )Simple and Intuitive Use ( It is easy to utilize whilst communication, it’s map )Perceptible Information ( communicates information efficaciously )Tolerance for Error ( Provides communicative warnings when being used )Low Physical Effort ( no demand of extra strength and attempt through the usage of the infinite )Size and Space for attack and Use ( appropriate infinite is given to suit wheel chair users and assorted organic structure types etc )( UD pg 72 ) History The universe Universal design was developed by Ronald, L. Mace about 20 old ages ago, who wrote the book â€Å"Universal Design, in Designers West†in 1985. Ronald, L.Mace was besides the laminitis of the Center for Universal Design. Throughout the old ages assorted Torahs, ordinances and criterions have been developed, all these helped with the development of making barrier free design. ( universaldesign.ie, 2013 ) Such Torahs came approximately as assorted injured war veterans. where seeing the importance of rehabilitation and more handiness, before all this people with disablement were concled and in no manner integrated into society as there were particular establishments for them, so people can take attention of them. ( NCSU ) . Harmonizing to Oliver Heiss.one can see that the first type of inclusive design in architecture can be seen in infirmaries which catered for the well-being of injured veterans ( B-FD p10 ) The Civil Rights Movement of 1960, was one of the first inclusive Torahs, although this was non based on making an equal enviourment for the handicapped.It was radical as it helped make equal chances and stopped stereotyped racialist remarks against African Americans ( jfklibary,2014 ) . In 1961 the first disablement criterions were created being the American National Standards Institute ‘s ( ANSI ) 117. These Torahs which helped to make to make The Disability Rights Movements and statute laws of 1970’s,1980’s, 1990’s and 2000’s the Torahs were largely applied in the Unitied States and helped in the creative activity of a modern and functional design.As one can see, from the history discussed in the book Barrier-Free Design it shows that the development of human rights for disablement in Europe was much more set back, and took longer to develop even though these 2 continents had the same types of jobs. ( B-FD P9 ) . In 1988 The Fair Housing Amendment was invoked as a solution in order to avoid favoritism in flats for people with physical disablement, the act was based on making an accessible system, by including lifts, inclines.etc. This was the first jurisprudence, which delt with the betterment of the architectural construction ( HUD.gov 2007 ) .During this clip Lewis Mumford, an designer critic besides helped to advance Social architecture. In 1990 The first American with Disability Act which was based on some Torahs, found in the Civil Rights Act of `1964 was aimed so that designers could hold guildles in making public topographic points, which provide a service or employment indistinguishable. Opportunities, sing their different abilities due to a disablement. ( D: MBA P30 ) When implemented right, design for handiness allows people to be where they need to be independently, expeditiously and with self-respect, and in making so liberate their ain and others’ clip resource. Harmonizing to the World Health Organisation a â€Å"disability† is the job of holding a trouble which creates restrictions and limitations in a twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities. The types of disablements encountered can be one of the followingMotoric damages which can be recognised by low musculus control, strength and paralysation ( non being able to command your organic structure good )Mental damagesA Centripetal Impairment is the deficiency of one of the 5 senses being vision, hearing, gustatory sensation and odor.Cognitive damages being jobs with larning mental maps such as address, retrieving etc( B-FD p9 ) Inclusive design in public topographic points is non merely the architectural construction of a topographic point new engineerings are besides being applied in order to assist certain disablements the American Disability Act covers assorted subjects which besides including â€Å"Fire-Protection without Barriers† , and † Housing for the† . All these have assorted versions to the criterion regulations used as they contain different mark users as explained by Oliver Heiss a edifice should be adapted to its demands and users. One can happen that most regulations and the best explains are those used in Public Spaces such as Offices, working infinites, museums and schools this is as the American Disability Act suggests such topographic points should be welcoming to all users as possible without know aparting those supplying a service and those traveling for a service. ( B-FD ) Unfortunitly many designers still invision inclusive design largely for people with mobility impaments this can be seen through illustrations of the Millenium Park in the US which does non cointain characteristics which re suited for all types of imparmnts even thouh it is inclusive for eople whicjh have mobility issues. Design Design planning and impetation is an of import measure when coming to making new architectural edifices as suggested in most of RIBAs picture architectues normally create a adviser group of people with frogmans disablements who will utilize the infinite being created, these members help to do of import determinations of little inside informations which help make an enviourment which is non merely suited for an mean user but can accommodate to all type of demands. Assorted instance surveies suggest different methods one can utilize to supply a suited enviourment for the user. A peculiar illustration which shows inclusive design to all type of users is the Fleet Library at the Rhode Island School of Design, The library was created to except the mark of a wheel chair user as every 2 cubicals are non the same each cubical has peculiar withs and highs to set to diffirent organic structure types and make a infinite where everyone can experience comfortable.An intresting fact is that book shelves are keept low so that everyone can make all the books in the shelfs and the infinite is left every bit unfastened as possible for people with mobility imparments. Ponce De Leon in an interview about the school besides says how this design was non something that was re adjusted to the assorted users but was aimed to be suited for all the diffirent users one finds in this library she argues the importance inclusive design is when larning architecture as most of the clip it is over looked.According to Robert Siege the topographic point has achived inclusive design besides due to the new engineering used throughout the country such as audio initiation cringles at the library chief desk which helps people with heairing imparment communicate an understand better the talker as a moving ridge is automaticly connected to his hearing assistance, besides the usage of natural lighting and good lighting helps persons with vision jobs to see clearly although the articles do ot province how the library is suited or helps persons with vision damage, but explains that assorted textures are used to make contrast of infinite which as RIBA suggestes in its serious of pictures can be used to assist visualy impared persons have a memorable user experience and demo way. The library makes cosmopolitan design unseeable whilst maintaining the topographic point safe and beautiful. ( Architizer, 2014 ) ( RIBA,2009 ) ( NPR,2010 ) Hazelwood School in the City of glazgow is designed for childs who suffer from 2 diiferent imparments ( double sensory ) , they choose to include inclusive design in a merriment and colorful manner in order to pass on the infinite from people of 2 to 20 old ages of age.The school has a big Windowss to let even distribution of visible radiation and usage childrens residuary vision. An intresting characteristic which the school is good known for is the alone trail wall made out of cork and assorted texture meaning the country their in this largely helps lead kids with vision jobs due to touch whilst learning them orientation accomplishments and motivates them to travel around which is of import for childs which have certain mobility issues this fact can besides be seen in serious of picture from Riba which spekes about the Eden Project and says the importance of touch and making textures for people to derive an expirence. Colours is besides one of the chief characteristics used to demo fluctuation whitin infinites and besides the usage of curvetures and non habing crisp corners help kids non to acquire baffled For kids who have cognitive issues pictograms are used to assist them garner information visually as they orientate throughout the school besides brail is used expeditiously through the infinite, one can detect that the pictograms used are simple images and have an effectual coloring material which create a contrast with the backround. Keith Bright in the book Disability: Making Buildings Accessible states the importance of this as we perceive 70-75 % of information through vision. ( D: MBA PG82 ) ( As suggested by the RIBA Award largely schools and old peoples places are being given particular attending to such item One intresting illustration which is based on a Public infinite in Sweeden is the â€Å"City Lounge† in St.Galllen. The City Lounge in St.Gallen Sweeden is a peculiar public infinite undertaking created In 2005 which created something diffirent in concurrence to other undertakings one can notice hold achived assorted awards for inclusivity. Although the topographic point is largely known for its artistic qualities and museum like experience as described by the magazine St.Gallens – Lake Constance Inspirations ( Na ) This suggest that a infinite should besides hold a nice user expirence in order to pull users as besides stated in the book Universal Design ( United Nations ) The infinite making the metropolis sofa is made out of a soft gum elastic granulated flooring ( Wetpour gum elastic ) which is anti faux pas, non toxic and is considered hygienic and safe for kids. ( http: //advantagesports.com.au/rubber-flooring ) The infinite is communicated to the user with the usage of icons throughout the floor which insteantly communicate its significance. The infinite is suotable for people with mobility, sound and cognitive issues but is non every bit much inclusive for those enduring with vision imparment as the infinite can be confounding due to the seemless design where tectile flooring is non used to make way and infinite is non divided. The infinite is created to play with 1s senses as every sense is given importance.An component which can besides assist people with cognitive issues such as Autisim is the usage of such smooth forms which are besides used in establishments and infirmaries which have persons enduring from cognitive issues illustrations of topographic points utilizing similar technics are De Zeester an institute for kids with cognitive issues and the â€Å"New Strun Center for Autisim in Allo† where its chief designer Magda Mostafa where she besides uses soft ages throught a infinite to supply flow and extinguish misleadingnes. ( Archdaily2013 ) ( Architizer ) ( B-FD ) Civil Rights Movement – John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & A ; Museum. 2014. Civil Rights Movement – John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & A ; Museum. [ ONLINE ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/Civil-Rights-Movement.aspx. [ Accessed 01 May 2014 ] .

What Is the Need for an External Audit

The need for an external audit in the case of companies arises primarily from the existence of split-up of ownership from control. When control is shared an audit report will be needed in order to ensure that all the partners or be it shareholders are on the same page as the managers (the ones who will be controlling the company) and know what has been happening in the company, what is happening at present and what can be expected to happen in the future in order to increase returns in the company.The case of an owner controlled company is different as usually the manager will be working in the company and will be aware of everything that will be taking place and will not need an audit report to find out what is going on. Since the owner is alone in decision making, he knows about all the decisions that need to be made and will not find out through an audit report that maybe the company has decided to expand and open a new branch using the accumulated or retained profits.The audit in volves the client’s staff and management in giving time to providing information to the auditor. The auditors need part of the staff’s time as they will not know where the proprietary’s accounts are kept and in which way they are filed. To gather all the information that the auditor will use in making his audit report he has to get it through staff. Since most owner controlled companies are very small and the staff members are few, it will make it difficult for the Professional auditors to plan their audit to minimize the disruption which their work will cause.The audit might end up inconveniencing other stakeholders such as customers because service can become slow as one of the staff members will be assisting the auditor, giving him all the documentation that he needs and accompanying him around as he investigates the internal control measures that have been created in the company to see how effective they are. Application to lenders/financial institutions for finance may be strengthened by the submission of audited accounts.However some financial institutions, a bank, for instance, is likely to be far more concerned about the future of the business and available security, than by the past historical accounts, audited or otherwise. Audited accounts cannot predict the performance of the company in the future, which is the information that the Bank will be trying to find out. Therefore; audit reports are not an issue of paramount importance, especially in owner controlled companies.Not all owner controlled companies need to be audited. Auditing of companies does not depend on the type of ownership (that is, sole trader, partnership or co-operative), but it mostly depends on the size of the company at hand. There are laws that have been made in the U. K that exempt certain companies especially the small ones and the owner controlled ones from being audited. Instead of following all audit requirements, the owner controlled companies can subm it shortened accounts.The main differences that can be produced under the banner of abbreviated accounts basically mean that an owner controlled company does not have to include a full balance sheet, profit and loss account or directors report which would normally be required by Companies House. The owner controlled company is still required to submit a shortened balance sheet together with notes that explain the year end balances shown in the balance sheet. Under the audit exemption rules the year end accounts for an n owner controlled company do not have to include an auditors report.When an auditor has prepared the accounts and submits a special audit report that report should state that in the auditor’s opinion the abbreviated accounts are being submitted in accordance with the appropriate section of the Companies Act. To qualify for being able to file shortened accounts a small company should satisfy at least two of three conditions. The three exemption conditions prior to April 2008 were that annual turnover is less than 5. 6 million pounds, balance sheet total is less than 2. 8 million pounds and the average number of employees is less than 50.Where the financial year started after April 2008 the parameters increased to, annual turnover less than 6. 5 million pounds, balance sheet total less than 3. 26 million pounds and average number of employees less than 50. When an owner controlled company satisfies the audit exemption parameters it can maintain that audit exemption for a full financial year afterwards even if the parameters were exceed in that following financial year. There are benefits in submitting abbreviated accounts as simpler and easier accounting records can be maintained reducing time spent on accountancy work.In addition although potential suppliers and financial institutions may require details of the year end financial accounts it is acceptable not to publish full details. In China, Owner controlled companies have an exemption f rom the audit and this gives management for smaller companies some newfound flexibility, Alyssa Martin says. Companies may not have to produce as much documentation or perform as much testing to produce management’s assertion as they might have had to produce for the sake of the audit, she says. They can use other measures, like ongoing monitors or their own personal experience, to assess internal controls when they don’t have to have the external auditor auditing their process or leveraging their process in performing the audit of internal control,† notes Weaver’s Martin. Yong Xu, CFO for Jingwei International, says he was grateful to see the audit requirement lifted, even though the company voluntarily produced the audit for its 2009 financial statements and is planning to have the audit again in 2010. Jingwei International is a China-based technology services provider listed on the stock exchange and is owned controlled.However while the recent legislat ion exempts smaller companies from the audit of internal control, it doesn’t relax any of the requirements for companies to establish and maintain an effective control environment or to report on the effectiveness of controls, says Alyssa Martin, an executive partner with audit firm Weaver. That’s because the Dodd-Frank bill does not exempt smaller companies from Section 404(a), which is the requirement for management to produce its own report on the effectiveness of controls to mitigate errors in financial statements. â€Å"It doesn’t really change the role of management,† says Alyssa Martin. They still have to understand the design of internal control and assess the effectiveness. †Ã¢â‚¬Å"It’s not a cake walk. If you’re not documenting anything or doing anything, you’re not following the SEC’s guidance. †Ã¢â‚¬â€Jim DeLoach, Managing Director, Protiviti. Owner controlled companies should audit their accounts as th is reduces the Risk of Fraud. A number of factors affect the risk or exposure to loss from fraud, and some organizations suffer more fraud than others. The incidence of fraud in books of account is distributed unevenly. Some industries, some companies, some occupations, and some persons are higher risks than others.If accounts are being constantly audited, employees will comply with the regulations and do the correct thing; on the other hand, this can become a motivating factor in the case of employees as they know that changes in the company for better that have been initiated by them will be recognized. Many companies have embraced voluntary environmental audits, commonly known as self-audits, as a valuable business resource. Consultants and experts agree that the practice can be of enormous benefit to enterprises in all types of industries, for it addresses so many facets of a company's operations.For example, Barbara Ceizler Silver, author of Environmental Self-Audit for Small B usinesses, described the self-audit as a valuable â€Å"diagnostic tool† that can be used by companies seeking to identify and address compliance problems relating to air, water, land use, solid waste, and hazardous materials prior to submitting formal permit applications or other business processes. The practice of voluntarily checking compliance with environmental regulations through the practice of self-auditing has garnered considerable support from state lawmakers as well. As of 2000, environmental self-audits receive significant legal protections in 26 states.The body of law in these states maintains that companies can voluntarily test for violations and correct all previously undetected problems without legal penalty. Companies that report violations avoid financial penalties and receive additional time to rectify problems. Most significant of all, the results of self-audit tests and programs in these states receive significant legal protections from public disclosure The advantages of an audit report in owner controlled companies may be there, but the disadvantages far outweigh the advantages and therefore I agree with the statement that owner controlled business should not have audit reports.This is because this will be a large and unnecessary expense to the company and will result in the company spending large amounts on auditing which could have been diverted to expanding the business. There are cheap alternative methods that owner controlled companies can use to manage their companies than auditing their accounts and getting audit reports every year. (1503 words)References Abdel-Khalil A. R. (1983). Why do private companies demand auditing? A case for organizational loss of control. Journal of Accounting, Auditing ;amp; Finance, 8(1), 31-52 Proviti Flash Report on SOX 404(b) July 17 2004.Accounting and Audit Exemptions for Small Companies in the U. K-Terry Cartwright Environmental Self-Audit for Small Businesses: A Quick and Easy Guide to En vironmental Compliance. New York Department of Environmental Conservation, Empire State Development, March 1998. Geltman, Elizabeth Glass. A Complete Guide to Environmental Audits. ABA, 1997. Power, Michael. â€Å"Expertise and the Construction of Relevance: Accountants and Environmental Audits. † Accounting, Organizations, and Society. February 1997. Environmental Self-Audit for Small Businesses- Barbara Ceizler Silver

History of Ballet

Ballet is one of the most beautiful, graceful dances known to the dancing world. From the tutu to the pointe shoes the need to see the expression of the steps given. Being able to see how the illusion of a flying princess is one of the most mysteries that come with a ballet show. The history of Ballet has evolved into one of the most well-known type of dances in the world this is from only the men having roles in the ballet to women being able to express emotion. History Then: Ballet started in the late 1400s during the Renaissance. When Catherine de Medici who married King Henry the second of France know for throwing large parties. These parties would last for 8 hours straight of music, food, dancing and other entrainment. These parties would be held for the King, Queen and nobles plus military. With these big beautiful parties going many got interest in this dancing the people saw. Now by the many people of the noble and military began to study dance. This study of dance was now today called ballet. King Louis XlV the worlds first ballet school in 1661. Till this day the position that were used in school back then are used today to keep the tradition alive. Since ballet was born in France most of the position and steps are in French. For example Grande pose means big pose and this is when one arm is in second position, and the other is in third position. With the years over time around the 1800 the new style of type of ballet was born called Romantic ballet. The new style brought ballet to be more less with costumes because its a lot lighter and less restricting when it came to show skin for the females who were dancing. Plus women started dancing on pointe and preformed roles that were graceful and fairly like roles. With this came impressive partner work and lifts were added. There are three man types of ballet one is Italian Ballet it’s dancers are known for their ability to execute different steps and turns. Second is French and their known for how elegant and graceful the dancers are. And last but not least is the Russian ballet is known for their extreme emotional expression and is also the combination of the other two ballets. With ballet being going from all men to women, it has proven that this dance will continue to change. History now: Ballet has kept its classic and elegant movements the same but the way they see the female dancers has change the look of it. With ballet there are little dark secrets that are hidden and with it. No matter how nice the dance is there is going to be women that want look better than the next girl on the barre. The old look for dancers was to be short and have muscle because being on pointe is very hard. But now sense society wants girls to be all skinny so ballet with that took it to the extend. And with this many higher schools require their girls to not be on diets so that their fat they eat will be burned up by the end of practice. Having the thought many of the parents of young daughters are brought in to have a talk about how they can portion out their kid and also talk about the training they need to make a career out of this. But ballet is not all bad it has become to know with the more modern song, in which mean that ballet has became also fast beat and sassy when it came to the girls role. No matter what there is there is a fence with ballet that many love it or hate it just depends what side you’re on. Play one Giselle: Giselle is one of the few many famous ballets still know in the ballet world today. A little about this ballet is a peasant girl in a village that was surround by hills in the medieval days. With that there is a Count name Albrecht who dresses up as one of the peasants who lived at the village. So going down there he meets a village girl by the name of Giselle who was very much so pretty. The town didn’t like the noble Count to be dating this peasant girl and her mom didn’t think that her daughter could handle falling in love with someone so soon knowing that a heart break could happen. Giselle later goes to die because of being so mad and filled with grief. When she dies she has to be a ghost for her man from being thrown in the lake because the Queen wants him to dance. At the end she save him and returns back to her grave where she lays. This is a very beautiful ballet but the work the dancers do in the behind the sense is way more to make it the ballet it is. One of the activities is the main character has intermission which is a break in between plays and for this the ballerina must change in a gown and white powder also wings to get that ghostly affect. When dancing the ballerina will slam her pointe shoes on a hard surface so that they are soft, so when on the dance floor they will not make a sound. The dancer must transform the thoughts of a human to the thoughts of the spirit she will dance. A quote from the Cynithia Gregory stated that â€Å"Every step is like a sentence, with the dancer talking to her partner is the audience†. This quote means that dance is like a mine in which a dancer must be able to portray the right emotion and expression that the ballet set for them. Giselle is a love story many can and cannot relate to but many people say it is just beautiful to see. Play two Nutcracker: The Nutcracker is one of the Christmas tales that everyone can see. This ballet is about a family who has a Christmas Eve party at their house and a magician was invited to come. With that he brought gifts in which the gifts seem to come alive. So then there were life size toys that these boys at the party are attacking and Clara the main character doesn’t like the fighting and begins to cry. So the magician gives her a doll which is a Nutcracker doll, the little boys start to get jealous about the getting the doll and them nothing. Instead the boys take it and break it; Clara at night goes to bed and finds at that when she creeps down stairs to find a live size nutcracker doll fighting with toy mice and toy soldiers. Once the nutcracker fights all them he turns into a handsome price who takes Clara on an adventure kingdom and other places. At the end Clara gets back home and still doesn’t know whether the trip she took was a dream or not with her price. The Nutcracker is not just for young people, it’s all ages just because everything is there romantic, action, comedy this ballet is a great family one. Play three Swan lake: Physical Demands: Ballet it’s self is a physical demand on peoples bodies and can cause things to go wrong. Ballet movement aren’t in the human nature to do just off the back, that why training is so important. But don’t let the pretty tutus and the amazing make up fool you the pain a dancer goes through can wipe off of anyone. The lower legs and foot of ballet dancers is impact in their movements. This increases the pressure on the knees and can cause sprains real fast. In point shoes the toes nails split so this will happen when in a show where there is no time to switch shoes so they dance it out and most likely the toe nail is gone and you must peel it off and put a band aid on t and continue dancing with a smile. The pointe shoes in not comfortable for the dancers it is just a new way of dancing so there is a box shape in the shoe which can cause cramping and from that can cause blister that mainly burst right during a show or practice because you’re constantly on them. Some of the injures a ballet dancers get are hyperextension of the spine, hip tentinitis, and k nee and ankle complications. How other dances relate to ballet: 2 famous ballet dancers: Conclusion:

Is intelligence innate? Essay

For many years, there had been a debate over whether genes alone can determine one’s intelligence or whether the environment and training can increase one’s intelligence. Some scientists think that people behave as they do according to genetic predispositions. This is known as the â€Å"nature† theory of human behavior. Other scientists believe that people think and behave in certain ways because they are taught to do so. This is known as the â€Å"nurture† theory of human behavior. Intelligence can be employed to indicate the amount of knowledge available and the rapidity with which new knowledge is acquired; the ability to adapt to new situations and to handle concepts, relationships, and abstract symbols. Scientists have known for years that traits such as eye color and hair color are determined by specific genes encoded in each human cell. The Nature Theory takes things a step further to say that more abstract traits such as intelligence, personality, aggression, and sexual orientation are also encoded in an individual’s DNA. Therefore, it is argued that intelligence is innate. People are born with it. There are also beliefs that the more folds you have in your brain, the more intelligent you are as your brain contains more neurons. Intelligence can be inherited. This can be used to explain why people say that Jews are smart. According to adoption studies, adopted children have more similar intelligence scores than their adoptive parents who reared them from birth. Supporters of the Nurture Theory do not deny that genetic tendencies may exist, but believe that they ultimately do not matter. Our behavioral aspects originate only from the environmental factors of our upbringing. Therefore, intelligence can be increased or augmented if one goes through training. The importance of twin studies is evident if we look at the studies objectively, if intelligence is basically hereditary, identical twins who have the same genetic legacy. Jones’s study (1946) shows that there is a modest difference in the intelligence test scores of twins reared apart, and the more divergent the environments, the greater the difference. I believe that it is a combination of both nature and nurture. Intelligence can be increased by training, but how much it can be increased very much  depend on one’s innate intelligence. We are all born with a certain I.Q.. Some people may have higher intelligence than others. However, if both a high I.Q. person and low I.Q. person goes through similar training, they can both increase their intelligence, but it would be easier for the high I.Q. person to increase his/her intelligence. I feel that it is not possible for one’s intelligence to be solely determined by the genes. If this had been the case, we would be living in a scary world. Our intelligence would be decided once we are born, and there is nothing we can do to change it. We have to live with it for the rest of our lives. I believe our environment plays a part. We can only fulfill our genetic potential by first, optimizing our environmental factors. For example, people living in third world countries may be born with the same intelligence level as other people in first world countries. However, they do not have the optimum environment to realize their potential, thus they fare much worse than others in first world countries. Genes only serve as guidelines. The rest is derived from interactions with the environment. Individual intelligence and human behavior cannot be predicted based on knowledge of genetics and the environment. When something is considered determined, free will is destroyed.

What is the DSPD philosophy?

1. What is the DSPD philosophy? Explain how the operations of the different teams reflect the DSPD philosophy. The DSPD philosophy is Callaway’s belief of making demonstrably superior and pleasingly different products to golfing. This idea was established by Callaway’s previous business experiences and it served as the primary guiding principle for this company, the company that grew out of Hickory Stick USA. Their teamwork is built around five different areas: research and development, information systems, manufacturing, sales, and general/administrative services. The research and development team is responsible for designing, building prototypes, and testing the company’s premium golf equipment. The DSPD theory is evident here because they are thorough when conjuring new ideas of designs for their prototypes, as they make sure that this department of people is trained in a wide range of industries. Next, the information systems team supplies the company’s information needs around the clock using different computer applications. The manufacturing team achieves levels of efficiency, innovation, and safety that are at the top of the golf industry, using the latest manufacturing and assembly techniques. The sales team spans the word, providing gold retailers with the latest advances in golf equipment and the highest quality service. The general/administrative team helps to build and grow the company by supporting the activities of the other teams; they consist of accountants, legal experts, artists, human resource generalists, receptionists, writers, and others. These are the many components that add up to be Callaway’s secret to their DSPD philosophy that has worked so well for them over the years. 2. What team member characteristics does Callaway Golf consider to be important? Callaway Golf ensures that their teams are top-notch by seeking certain skills in each of their members. Although they value diversity, they look for integrity, honesty, daring, enthusiasm, accountability, and hard work in each of their employees. This helps them achieve their â€Å"healthy balance between career and play†, recognizing that this results in â€Å"happier people who are more productive in every aspect of their lives†. This reflects Callaway’s belief in similarities and differences among their employees to forge five very effective teams. 3. Consider the question at the very end of the case: â€Å"Will Callaway be able to maintain this balance in the future? Or will diversity be sacrificed for commonality, or commonality for diversity? † What is the most reasonable answer to this question? Why? The most rational answer to this question is merely yes, they will be able to maintain this balance. It has been 28 years since Ely Callaway entrusted his name into this company that still remains standing tall and strong today. They have managed to keep up with ever changing golfing standards, and it is simply illogical that their practices will somehow fail them in the future. Their employees are ensured to be trained in a colourful range of fields, and their five teams work collectively implementing their well thought out DSPD philosophy, and this is pretty much all they need. These key characteristics are also what got them their strong and wealthy client base, making them a very profitable organization. Despite all this success, they still certify that their workers are always satisfied, and this is also the most vital part to running a company. With satisfied workers, they will always be able to get work done efficiently, and they will be able to tackle and new problems that may come before them in the future. The same way they are able to adapt and entail up until today, they would definitely be able to keep it up in the forthcoming years. . Identify a competitor of Callaway Golf. How does Callaway Golf’s DSPD philosophy compare with the fundamental management philosophy of the competitor? What managerial insights do you gain from making this comparison? One major competitor of Callaway Golf is the Karsten Manufacturing Corporation. They are the manufactures of the world renowned PING golfing equipment. According to their â€Å"about us† section on the official PING website, they are a family owned company founded in 1959 in the garage of Karsten Solheim. His frustration with his putter inspired him to create a new one that made a â€Å"pinging† sound when striking a golf ball. These are the roots to a foundation that has become quite successful today. They feel that this success is owed to their philosophy of crediting their numerous innovations with perimeter weighting, custom fitting, and the use of investment casting in the manufacturing of golf clubs. Solheim insists on adhering to strict engineering principles and tight manufacturing tolerances to raise the level of product performance and quality throughout the golf industry. With Solheim’s death in 2000, his youngest son took over the managerial position and continues to practice these methods. Their products can be found in more than 70 countries today. In comparison to Callaway Golf, Steinway almost seems to measure up. They too focus on innovation and bringing the most modern products to the market. It is clever that both companies are family owned, because that way there would not be drastic changes in management when the CEO changes, as prevented by Karsten. Callaway demonstrates strategic leadership whereas Karsten seems to display more of a corporate governance approach. Callaway has an almost democratic leadership style where they take the opinions of their employees into mind before making drastic decisions. They rely on their input and trust it, because they are picky with employee selection in the first place. 2. Use the Callaway Golf competitor that you identified for the previous question. How does Callaway Golf’s emphasis on teamwork compare with the competitor’s approach to organizing and utilizing the talents of its employees? What insights about teamwork does this comparison provide? PING claims to employ workers in a variety of capacities, including golf club production, customer service, administrative, engineering, and managerial positions. They also claim to be an equal opportunity employer with a competitive compensation and benefits package. In comparison to Callaway, it seems that Callaway not only keeps design in mind, but they also focus on the efficiency of their employees. Although both companies are probably only out to hire the best for their positions, Callaway seems to portray a more worker-sensitive program. Their main approach to productivity is by keeping their workers happy so that they can be more efficient in all aspects of their life. Callaway is also more successful than PING according to sales, and this can easily be linked to Callaway’s DSPD philosophy. This shows that having a democratic leadership style in a company will allow more respect from employees and they will be happier and work harder. Motivated staff members are the key to success, and between the two companies, Callaway seems to be the beholder.

Comparative Matrix and essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Comparative Matrix and - Essay Example Schuler, R.S. 1992, ‘Repositioning the human resource function: transformation or demise?’, In P.J. Frost, VF Mitchell & WR Nord, HRM reality: putting competence in context, Southwestern Publishing Ohio, pp. 8-20. Choi, I. [CD-ROM] 2005, â€Å"Organizing negotiation and resistance: The role of Korean union federations as institutional mediators†, University of California, Korea. Retrieved October 7, 2005 from UMI Proquest Digital Dissertations database. This research examines and compares the role of the two Korean national labor federations in organizing negotiation and resistance especially their responses to the Korean governments’ restructuring process brought on by international pressure and economic globalization. The author has argued that these two Korean federations, namely, the KCTU (Korean Confederation of Trade Unions and FKTU (Federation of Korean Trade Unions) have very different ideologies, strategies and organizational networks. This has a profound causal effect on the actions taken by local unions. He compared the two federations in terms of movement ideology and strategy by combined examination of documents, interviews and observations in Korea. The mediating role the two national federations play between the state labor policies and local labor union activities has had significant impact on both labor management relations at the workplaces level as well as on nationwide labor movements. The research conclu sion shows how structural and institutional factors affect local labor union movements, and how local union activities influence overall labor policies through the channel of federations’ leadership. This project also offers a useful framework for understanding labor relations, especially the military of labor movements, by focusing the two federations as institutional filters in labor politics. This

Using Qualitative Technique To Investigate A Problem At Work Assignment

Using Qualitative Technique To Investigate A Problem At Work - Assignment Example The technique was chosen because it is significant in dealing with practical situations that require a proper understanding of behavior. Consequently, observation is influential in determining the meaning as well as the context over which an issue occurs. Misunderstanding about the responsibilities is a behavioral issue that can only be understood by analyzing the behavior of other people. Another rationale for choosing the technique is that I wish to determine the reasons why other employees cannot fulfill their duties as stipulated by the firm. Sometimes I find myself performing most of the tasks because the other employees consciously or unconsciously fail to undertake their duties. Essentially, the objective is to analyze and evaluate the situation through observations before employing other measures that can aid in solving the impasse. Observation avoids direct contact with the target group yet retrieves vital information.The issue under investigation is a misunderstanding about the responsibilities. Each of the members of the department will be observed against the duties they perform. After the responsibilities are assigned to the group, I will observe what each person does and the amount of time taken to complete a particular task. Consequently, documenting the people who have done their work will provide a perspective on the genesis of the problem. The observation will also focus on those directly involved and the ones who are dormant or focusing on other functions different from the duties assigned to them.

What issues were resolved by the Compromise of 1850 Who benefited more Research Paper

What issues were resolved by the Compromise of 1850 Who benefited more from its terms, the North or the South Why - Research Paper Example By 1847, however, the Courts of the United States were declaring that the Constitution was ultimate, and that slavery was a political, not a legal issue (Jones v. Van Zandt, 1847: General History of the United Sates Supreme Court, 2011)). The Missouri Compromise – which declared that Congress could exclude slavery from Missouri Territory north of the 36-degree, 30-minute line – meant that the political, rather than the legal battle about slavery had started. The Southern States, represented in the feelings of John Calhoun, felt as if they had been disadvantaged: â€Å"†¦ the fact that the equilibrium between the two sections in the government as it stood when the Constitution was ratified and the government put in action has been destroyed.† (Calhoun speech, 1850). He continued: the Southern States of the Union were extremely dissatisfied with conditions as they were and that this dissatisfaction had been growing since the question of slavery had arisen. The point had been reached at which the Southern States could not remain in the Union with â€Å"honor and safety† (Calhoun speech, 1850) if things remained as they were. Slavery was, of course not the only source of the dissatisfaction: the imbalance of power between North and South was also unacceptable. According to Calhoun, the North exercised far more political power than the South. In addition, racial attitudes in the North and South differed so widely as to be irreconcilable. For these reasons, the South was left with few choices. These States would have to agree to the abolition of slavery, or secede from the Union. Calhoun proposed that the North would have to hold the Union together by force and its superior numbers and wealth. The Northern States had more voting power, and Southern States had become increasingly geographically isolated from the rest of the Union. The Southern States with direct access to ports, for example, could afford to secede, in the hope that they

Working with the nurse in charge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Working with the nurse in charge - Essay Example The attitude of this nurse led me to the realization that just like the patients, the nurses that I will be working with in the future will have different characters and dispositions that I will also need to learn to adjust to if I am to have a successful working relationship with my nurses in order to ensure the proper treatment and overseeing of my patients assigned to them. We only had one patient to take care of so I assisted the nurse with the feeding and performed a head to to assessment of the patient while also doing my part in helping to medicate the patient.   The patient was a 94-year old female who was quite nice to the nurses. Prior to my approaching her, I was warned that she was having trouble distinguishing between persons, places, and the time. However, I did not pick up on any of those traits while I was interviewing her. Rather, I found her to be quite open and entertaining as she spent some time on her phone talking to her 73 year old son who was her primary car e taker. She asked me once to assist her in increasing the volume on her phone while she was using it. She was basically a very nice and cooperative patient who, at the end of my time with her asked me to do only one thing when I asked if there was anything else I could do for her. She replied, â€Å"Yes, just leave me alone.† She asked so nicely that I found myself smiling at her as I accomodated her request.   Basically, the 94 year old patient made what could have been the worst duty day of my life one of the best.  

Academic Freedom and Duty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Academic Freedom and Duty - Essay Example Knowledge should improve, with the coming of new ideas and facts every day. This freedom is important for the better good of education. Without this freedom, it would be difficult for the public to know the truth concerning concepts to enable them to improve their understanding of academic concepts (Nelson, 2010, p 2. L 20). The first freedom states that teachers have a right to conduct research in whatever area they desire to improve their performance when exercising academic duties. Research is a basic tool of learning through which scholars expand their knowledge and come up with related concepts. It is through research, that scholars could identify flaws, which could have been present in texts. Knowledge represents ideas that one researched and presented depending on the evidence and findings. There could have been flaws in the past that occurred due to the poor methods of research then. With modern technology in place, scholars can revisit the concepts with new hypothesis and ideas (Nelson, 2010, p 1, L 15). The second freedom is that the teachers have a right to discuss their own relevant ideas in class. With good research in place, the teachers could come up with ideas that relate to the topic in class. Such ideas could be absent in the course text, but still be a matter of importance for discussion in class. The teachers, however, should be keen not to introduce irrelevant material during lessons in class. In addition, controversial ideas should not come up during a discussion in classes. Topics relating to religion could be sensitive when discussed in classes. In as much as there is freedom of speech and academic freedom, religion, and such sensitive issues could result to complications that limit other people’s right,s (Krell, 2010, P 261, L 14).

Management Skills in Adult Nursing Essay (4000 word reflection is to

Management Skills in Adult Nursing (4000 word reflection is to enable to develop a deeper, critical understanding of the development of knowledge and skill in Management) - Essay Example In order to improve my practice, I will reflect on this incident, and address issues of effective discharge planning, communication, and handover. The themes I will consider for this topic would follow the various questions raised by Johns’ reflective model. This model is meant to be implemented by sharing with fellow practitioners or with a mentor, which then transforms the learning to a faster pace. Johns’ model emphasizes the value of experienced knowledge as well as the power of the practitioner to access and implement information which has been secured via empirical processes (Grech, 2004). More specific themes on discharge planning, communication, and handover shall be incorporated into the text. The critical and analytical aspects of this discussion shall flow from the reflective process, with an evaluation of the specific actions based on standards of the practice (Callara, 2008). The scenario under evaluation involves the discharge of Patient X, a 65 year old male patient who recently underwent hip hemiarthroplasty surgery. During the discharge planning process, there were several orders which I was not sure how to implement. One of the discharge orders indicated that I needed to refer the patient to the rehabilitation ward for physiotherapy and occupational therapy, and that I needed to refer the patient to a physiotherapist and an occupational therapist, and arrange future schedules for therapy. Discharge orders also indicated that I needed to recommend an appropriate health and diet plan for the patient. Health and diet plans for elderly patients, especially those who have recently suffered hip fractures must be established because these elderly patients are prone to possible re-injury (Beaupre, et.al., 2005). Beaupre, et.al., (2005) discussed that the hip fracture would likely limit the mobility or elderly

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Case Study Example Apart from advising the franchisees about how to promote the outlets in their respective areas and the local market, McFadden can take other steps to encourage the franchisees to promote their outlets like he can provide additional funds for promotions and also can provide some incentives and rewards for those franchisees who perform better in promoting the outlets in the local market. McFadden should analyse the franchisability properly before making any decision. Determining franchisability means to asses that whether the business is worth franchisable that means the entrepreneur must determine that whether the business is profitable or not, whether the business model can be easily copied by the competitor, does the business model can be easily adopted by the competitors, is the business model has any unique feather which is different from the others etc (Shakespeare, 1995, p.90). As the competitors are able to copy the business model of McFadden therefore it is clear that the franchisability was not properly analysed as a result the competitor can imitate it. To control the situation, first of all Just Cuts should restructure the business model in such a way which will be difficult to copy. In response to the imitators, Just Cuts can bring innovation in its services in terms of enhanced quality and customer satisfaction. Some of these things have already been d one by the management of Just Cuts. Apart from this, Just cuts should change their policies regarding the services it offers so that the competitors cannot always imitate the policies. Just Cuts can also go for branding its products so that the customers can distinguish the services from those of the imitators. Good branding will also reduce the anxiety of the franchisees regarding the low cost service providers because branded services always finds its place in the market. Deciding on the franchising fee is an important aspect of franchising. Some franchisees require less funds

Nanotechnology Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nanotechnology - Term Paper Example On the other hand, Eric Drexler, the founder of Foresight Nanotech Institute introduced to the world the term â€Å"nanotechnology in 1986, and used it to describe the bottom up approach. In contrary to Taniguchi, Drexler looked at nanotechnology from the perspective of a physicist. He referred to nanotechnology as a large scale mechanosynthesis that is founded on the positional control of molecules that are chemically reactive. The founders of nanotechnology anticipate that, in the future, the term will probably include building mechanisms and machines with nano-scale dimensions, also referred to as the Molecular Nanotechnology (MNT) (Cutcliffe 81). According to McGinn (2010), nanotechnology has emerged due to the advent of modern technological trends used for creating more comfort for the mankind. This technology will totally refurbish the way in which electronic and digital devices operate (McGinn 116). The concept of nanotechnology is based on further reduction of the size of tr ansistors and that of electronic circuitry that would enable working at the molecular level. Its implementation would not be limited to the field of technology and science, rather medicine, construction and other sciences would equally benefit from it (Ghattas 271). Nanotechnology is being made into it to introduce and transfer it from laboratory to markets due to its productivity; this has caught attention worldwide research as well as investment. Nanotechnology has gathered a lot of attention across the world, and rapid investments are being made into it. Some of the likely benefits include; the reduction in size, the speed of processing, capability to access further small elements and running the electronic circuits, processors, machines at a more brisk pace (Cutcliffe 90). The problem to be addressed in the proposed study is since 2000, the U.S. Government has spent more than $15.6 billion in advancing the nanotechnology industry; however, research is not progressing at an effec tive and efficient rate because a roadmap for nanotechnology research to move technology from the laboratory into the marketplace has not been established (Waldron 6292). From FY2001 through FY2012, the federal government invested in nanoscale science, engineering, and technology through the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). Because of this focus and these investments, the U.S. has emerged as a global leader in nanotechnology. Further, nanotechnology is multiplying its applicability exponentially (Roberts, 2011). However, competition for global leadership in nanotechnology is escalating as nations and organizations worldwide increase investments in nanotechnology implementation (Waldron 6293). Maintaining U.S. leadership poses a technical, economic, and policy challenge for effective technology transfer to the private sector. Continued lack of attention to this concern will make it difficult for the U.S. to maintain its leadership role in the commercialization of nanote chnology. While the future of nanotechnology is promising and shows remarkable profitability for private industry, it is still a new practical science, and consequently it can be a high-risk and unpredictable commercial endeavor (Waldron, 6294). After 12 years and over $15 billion in research funds, the applications of nanotechnology appears to advance rapidly in research, yet slowly to being put in commercial practice in the United States (Holley 9). The idea of nanotechnology has

Investigtion in the importance of play to children's development and Essay

Investigtion in the importance of play to children's development and learning and it's psychological influences - Essay Example The theories on play are categorized under two broad categories of Classical and Contemporary Theories. Play is an essential component of development and learning and enriches the experiences of children engaging in it. Play activities provide children with various opportunities to engage in different aspects of the social world thus helping them develop. Introduction Ask a child and he would tell you or even asking the question to ourselves can remind us how much children love to play. For children, play usually reflects what they hold important in their lives. Play mirrors a children’s cognitive, social and physiological development. Children relate â€Å"play† to as feelings of having fun, interaction with friends, having the authority to choose the kind of activities they engage in and obviously the exhilaration of being outdoors. Play activities can range from being funny, noisy, messy to being very serious and effortful. The kind of play that children would engage in varies with their developmental stage and it evolves as the children grow and explore new things around them. Through play, children are strengthening existing learning or practicing a skill. Play can also play a significant role in building or strengthening a relationship. Engaging in play provides children with a chance to bring their own interpretation and understandings of people, situations, experiences and expectations in action. This makes a child more responsive of what he is observing around him and makes him learn actively. For children play could simply be a way to do things and only by doing things a child can develop and learn. Play provides children with opportunities to engage in social interaction with their family and peers, help developing their language, social skills and their ability to solve problems and help enable them to function as a part of a larger group. Play is an essential part of development in children as it ensures that a child’s mind is constantly engaged, it is aware of others around and active in learning through observation. Engagement in both the real and imagined social and physical world provides children with the chance to experience emotional and bodily sensations (Lester & Russell, 2008). Play can be seen as an instrument that builds and design the structures of the brain in a unique way when considering its relationship to the body and the environment rather than a way of learning specific skills(Lester & Russell, 2008). Through this engagement with the immediate real and the imagined impacts on the development of the brain and effects the way the genes are expressed. Play is an essential tool for children to make sense of their world and to identify their niche within it. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Children acknowledges the importance of play in the lives of children and categorizes it as a significant right for every child (International Play Association, n.d.). Play provides numerou s opportunities for the children to interact as learners and it also helps stimulate an inclusive learning environment. Through play the child is socialized in to the society, they learn about responsibilities and practice their roles as a part of a learning community. By supporting children’s play the teachers can provide an environment that encourages holistic learning. Responsibilities and the Adult roles are significant in initiating the children to

Basic hazardous waste management (Blackman, 2001) Essay

Basic hazardous waste management (Blackman, 2001) - Essay Example The management helps in safe handling and proper disposal of the waste products. Spit cups are containers used to spit on. They are of different models and types and thus while being collected to be disposed they require specific selections (Blackman, 2001). Those involved in collecting the spit cuts should wear protective clothing’s since the materials are not safe to be collected with bare hands. Differentiate the different makes and materials used to make the spit cups. Check if the material is extremely hazardous from the list of the known and extremely hazardous materials. If not in the list proceed to the next step. If material found extremely hazardous, it should be disposed, as such waste and should not be rinsed. The liquid hazardous material in the next stage should be empty, and no liquid should drain from it. Spit cans fail to qualify as empty. Label the waste with hazardous waste tags and a request for collection to hazardous waste collection team follow (Blackman, 2001). The environment, health, and safety then collect the waste for disposal as hazardous waste. They will facilitate and dispose the material waste generated by UCSD

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 56

Discussion - Essay Example Although US had the highest GDP per person but its infant mortality rate was higher than France’s infant mortality rate which and similar was in the case of life expectancy rate. Countries that are poorer can establish better infant mortality rate as well as higher life expectancy rate as established in the comparison of France and US. This is because higher amount of GDP does not mean that the government is spending more on wellbeing and healthcare of their citizens. A country may be experiencing lower amount of GDP, but the amount of money it directs towards its populations healthcare determines how well a country stands in the measures of infant mortality rate. Secondly, the cost of healthcare even determines the countries standing in these measures. If cost of healthcare is kept low, then citizens can obtain better healthcare at lower prices. GDP per person statistics can only provide insight regarding how much per person is able to spend on goods and services, but does no t determines the amount of goods and services that can be purchased and the quality of goods and services that can be purchased by individuals, thus relying on GDP per person statistics does not provide a clear picture of a nation’s standard of

Educational Specification Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Educational Specification - Research Proposal Example From the discussion it is clear that  planning seeks to identify the main requirements for the project in order to ensure that the objectives are met during the implementation process for the project. During the planning phase various project parameters including functional, philosophic, environmental and operational aspects are considered, with the aim of producing a comprehensive plan for implementing a project.As the paper highlights the need to improve teaching within schools has necessitated the transformation of the methods utilized in teaching. There is an increased need to academic relevance of the theoretical materials being taught to be applicable within practical settings outside the classroom. While this serves as an encouragement to students on the viability of materials being taught, this is a core factor that enhances the understanding of the theoretical concepts presented in class. Conducting laboratory studies, especially within the STEM field has been described a core element in teaching within this field. This project has been developed and implemented based on the philosophy of ensuring practicality of teaching within the STEM field. The goal of the project is the presentation of a facility that can be utilized by teachers and students in conducting practical tests within the field of STEM.  The facility will be utilized by junior high school students for conducting many of their introductory practicals in STEM subjects.

Is the Death penalty effective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is the Death penalty effective - Essay Example An example from the history tells us that in 1975, two African American men in Florida named Freddie Pitts and Wilber Lee were granted commutation after twelve long years awaiting death-penalty for the murder of two white men. Their conviction was as a result of constrained confessions, spurious testament and an adduced bystander. After a long time of nine-years of battle in the courts, a white confessed his guilt and Pitts and Wilber were granted absolution by the governor. Had their death-penalty not been delayed due to the court-battles, they would have naively executed. The history of death penalty can be traced back to the eighteenth century (B.C) when the laws for it were established. As years passed these penalties were used all over the world to kill the guilty people. After the World War II the United States protected pregnant women, elders and children from these death penalties but did not abolish it completely. Over these years many countries have abolished it but the Uni ted States still follows it to a certain extent (Death Penalty Information Center). The proponents of the death-penalty justify it by biblical quotations to use death penalty as the ultimate punishment for murders and equivalent crimes. The bible says that the murders must be vindicated: life for life is what the bible says about murders. But the justifications presented cannot be applied in the modern world because of the ethics that apply these days. The bible’s quotation about life for life was for that time when the unjust and violent people were killing innocent and exemplary people. According to most of the people, the death-penalty should be abolished from the U.S and that the criminals must be given a chance to change themselves. Death row inmates can spend their time in the law library and interact with each other and somehow get the wind of the crime of what they have done and accept to change from the bottom of their hearts. The process of death qualification was c onstitutionally challenged in Lockhart v. McCrea on the basis that it produces unrepresentative and doctrine procumbent juries. The United States Supreme Court rejected such challenges by questioning the truthiness of the relevant social science research. But according to me, the challenges made were completely just and the government should have had taken suitable steps in order to eradicate this barbaric act from the society (Guernsey 39-42) The moral disengagement is also an aspect worth discussing in this regard. According to a study by Osofsky, Bandura and Zimbardo in 2005, they took direct words from the executioner. The executioner said that the ECG monitors are in front of him when he carries out the process. His duty is to push the syringe in the veins of the guilty and lower the heart beat of the guilty until it becomes flattened. The harder he pushes, the more flattened is the graph and once he empties the last injection, the pulse rate reaches zero indicating that the gu ilty is now dead. He adds further that it is distraught to see someone die in front of him and leaves a great impact on him even after some days. This research helps to conclude that the executioner has vivid thoughts about the incident too as it is a harsh process to be carried out (Osofsky et al 373-380). The opponents believe that death-penalty should be abolished because it is a barbaric act of murder which involves the death of an individual in a similar

Why Learn English Essay Example for Free

Why Learn English Essay There are many reasons to learn English, but because it is one of the most difficult languages to learn it is important to focus on exactly why it is you want to learn English. Here we will look at ten great reasons why English is so important. Post this list somewhere you can see it and it will motivate you to keep going even when you are tired of trying to figure out which witch is which! †¢English is the most commonly used language among foreign language speakers. Throughout the world, when people with different languages come together they commonly use English to communicate. †¢Why learn English when it is so difficult? Well, knowing English will make you bilingual and more employable in every country in the world. You have all the skills but when you are heard in an interview with poor communication, chances to get the job come down by 30%. †¢English is commonly spoken throughout much of the world due to Great Britain’s expansion during the colonial age. People in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, parts of Africa, India, and many smaller island nations speak English. English is the commonly adopted second language in Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands. Speaking English opens these countries and cultures up to you. †¢Another reason why English is so important is that it is the language of science. To excel in science you need to know English. †¢English is based on an alphabet and, compared to Chinese, it can be learned fairly quickly. †¢English is also the language of the Film Industry and English means you no longer have to rely on subtitles. †¢Speaking English immediately opens up opportunities regardless of your ethnicity, color, or background. †¢Learn English and you can then teach your children English — or if they are already learning, you can now communicate with them in English. †¢English speakers definitely earn more money than non-English speakers. Learning English will open your job prospects and increase your standard of living. †¢Last but not the least, because you have always wished to be more articulately audible, and, to impress your listeners with your fluent and flawless professionalism. Why Learn English From Us †¢First and Most Important to know that we are charging very nominal for you just to provide a platform to overcome your hesitations in terms of communication. †¢Our heartfelt Objective to bring you for the training comes from our personal experience with the job-seekers. †¢We are providing Basic English to International communication skills in one single customized course for you. Register yourself Today for the Induction / Introduction and know your level to enroll in the training. Lets move one step ahead by being More Confident!! Business Skills (iSkills) You are very good technically, but you find it difficult to present your thoughts to others in English. You can negotiate brilliantly in your mother-tongue, but with English, you are tongue-tied. You can write letters and e-mails in English easily, but they seem to be very long, or your boss has to correct them before they are sent across. You know your subject but can’t speak before a crowd. So, you don’t get the recognition you deserve because your communication skills are below par. The iSkill series taps the uniqueness in you and helps you perform effectively, developing you into a well-rounded professional. Programs A. Complete programs (120 hrs) Effective Performance Appraisals Professional Email writingTime Management Assertiveness skills Negotiation skillsSelling skills Business Writing Presentation skills Telephoning skills Leadership skillsPublic Speaking Voice Quality Meeting skills Recruiting and Interviewing Voice Quality B. i-Workshops (Spread over 8 hours – one to two days) Professional email writingEffective public speakingEffective presentation Time management Improve your fluency dramatically – iBlaze We offer iBlaze to improve your listening comprehension, fluency, pronunciation, and auditory memory. What it means is you get to understand the target language better, build your confidence, and improve your pronunciation. How does iBlaze work? Each iBlaze session begins with a listening phase, followed by pronunciation exercises: 1. The listening phase: The learner listens to modulated music that opens his ear to the dominant frequency of the targeted language. 2. The pronunciation phase: During 30 minutes, the learner trains his pronunciation by repeating words and sentences. †¢The learner listens to a native speaker †¢He then repeats †¢His voice is filtered in real time and his ear instantly opens itself to the frequencies of the learned language By hearing yourself speak properly, you correct your pronunciation unconsciously and naturally You can start seeing all this after just 24 sessions. Register yourself to know whether you are at the basic or the advanced. Email: [emailprotected] New Delhi: +91-98118655500

Determination of the molar volume of hydrogen gas Essay Example for Free

Determination of the molar volume of hydrogen gas Essay Introduction We are going to determine the molar volume of hydrogen gas by letting known amount of magnesium react with dilute hydrochloric acid and carefully collecting the gas formed. Materials Gas syringe Hydrochloric acid, 2-molar 8 cm of magnesium ribbon Ruler Emery cloth For details see instruction form Methods We connect the equipment according to the diagram and make sure we follow the instructions carefully, and then we weigh the 8 cm of magnesium ribbon and pour the HCl into the test tube. As we are ready to start the experiment we fold the mg ribbon on the hook and put the stopper into the test tube so that when we tilt the test tube the mg ribbon can easily fall into the acid. It is important to wait for the reaction to finish completely so that the equipment returns back to room temperature. For details see instruction form. Results: Measured weigh of 8 cm mg ribbon: 0.068 g (uncertainty is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.0001) Room temperature: 21.9 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C (uncertainty is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.1) Room pressure: 742.5 mmHg Vapour pressure of water: 19.587 and 19.827 Vapour pressure: 19.587 + 19.827 / 2 = 19.707 1.333 x 102 x (mmHg) = Pa Convert the room pressure in mmHg into Pa: 742.5 x 1.333 x 102 = 98975.25 Pa Convert the vapour pressure of water into Pa: 19707 x 1.333 x 102 = 2626.9431 p(H2O) = 2626.9431 Pa Room pressure (Pa) Vapour pressure of water (Pa) 98975.25 Pa 2626.9431 Pa = 96348.3069 Pa p(H2) = 96348.3069 Pa p(H2) + p(H2O) = p(room) 2626.9431 + 96348.3069 = 98975.25 p(room) Calculation of molar volume for hydrogen gas at 0 C and 1 atmosphere P1 x V1 / T1 = P2 + V2 / T2 1 atm = 1.013 x 105 P1 = 96348.3069 P2 = 1 atm = 101300 V1 = 70 cm3 (uncertainty is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1) V2 = 59cm3 (uncertainty is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.5) T1 = 21.9 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C = 294.9 K (uncertainty is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.3466 ) T2 = 0 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C = 273 K 96348.3069 x 70 x 1 / 294.9 = 101300 x 59 x 0.5 / 273 Conclusion Evaluation: Our conclusion is that the molar volume of hydrogen gas at 0 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and 1 atmosphere is -. We reached the conclusion by first checking the room temperature and barometer pressure. Then we looked up the values for vapour pressure of water at the actual temperature from the Hand book of Chemistry and Physics. The full reference is: Chemistry for the IB diploloma G. Neuss. Oxford UP, 2001 p.28.

Republic of Ireland’s Primary Care Strategy: An Analysis

Republic of Ireland’s Primary Care Strategy: An Analysis Primary Care Strategy Introduction â€Å"Primary care is the first point of contact that people have with the health and personal social services.†[1] This means that primary care must be sufficiently well developed to be able to address the most complex and diverse range of health-related challenges and problems that will manifest in healthcare service provision, and make the most of opportunities to promote health and reduce morbidity, across the general population in specific target groups. This essay will explore the Republic of Ireland’s primary care strategy in relation to key goals and targets, and also examine some elements of the strategy in terms of a SWOT analysis. Specific reference will be made to the role of the Specialist Public Health Nurse/Health Visitor Role. Main Body Primary Care can be defined as â€Å"first contact, continuous, comprehensive, and coordinated care provided to populations undifferentiated by gender, disease, or organ system.†[2] Primary care is about the provision of information, diagnosis, treatment, referral and support for the majority of people who access healthcare services for the first time, and the strategic concerns of primary are related to accessibility, provision of short and long-term care which meets the needs of the population, assessment of those needs, and coordination of services to meet those needs[3]. This has many implications for the provision of healthcare services and the management of increasingly scarce resources. However, it is evident from the literature that in most locations, primary healthcare services still have a long way to go in meeting the goals of primary healthcare itself, particularly in relation to improving integration of services and reorienting services to a person-centred model, rather than a disease-centred model. Primary healthcare is viewed as a means of reducing the use of and demand for overall healthcare services by acting as a gatekeeper for secondary healthcare, and as a means of primary prevention of healthcare problems and disease, particularly in high risk groups of the population, but there is ongoing evidence and debate within the academic literature that there are continuing issues about the lack of egalitarian access to such services and ongoing questions about the ways in which they are provided[4]. It is considered by some that the decisions which govern the design and delivery of primary care services are potentially more based on political drivers than true patient need[5]. Similarly, the gateway function of the primary care service in determining which patients have access to acute care (or secondary care) services may not be based on individual need, but on other factors, such as political, social and even personal factors, including prejudices on the part of healthcare professionals[6]. The primary care strategy, if it provides strong guidance which leads to strong leadership, and perhaps enhances management of care through the use of agreed care pathways which guide decision making, might help eradicate some of these factors. Making the person-centred care model central will also help to remove some of the barriers to egalitarian service provision[7]. However, one of the challenges of the Republic of Ireland model is the fact that two thirds of patients in primary care must pay for their care, which would mean that despite the focus on removing inequalities in access, there continue to be challenges for providing equality of acces s[8]. One of the strengths of the primary care strategy is the focus on improving interprofessional working and communications, as a means of streamlining use of services and preventing doubling up or overlap of services[9]. Improving interprofessional working at the primary care level is one thing, but the strategy also needs to ensure that the intersection between primary and secondary care is properly managed, and that patients moving from acute care settings into community settings continue to have a streamlined, person-centred model of care applied, with good continuity of care[10]. However, there is also a need for the provision of strong leadership, which supports the implementation of the changes associated with this re-orientation of primary care in Ireland, and which supports new ways of working and helps to break down the barriers between the professions[11], [12]. This is where the role of the Health Visitor can be examined in a little more detail, in relation to realising some of the goals of the Primary Care Strategy, and in addressing some of the challenges of this. It has long been the case that Health Visitors work across professional boundaries, and work closely with a range of other health professionals, because within the community, specialist and generic roles are equally required in supporting individual patient need[13]. The interprofessional interface is perhaps one of the most fundamental elements of the work of the Health Visitor, but at the same time is perhaps not given enough attention or credit in terms of the impact that Health Visitors have in the prevention of illness and public health sectors of primary healthcare[14], [15]. The Public Health focus of the primary care strategy is inherent in much of the rhetoric it contains, particularly as it expressly cites the potential for preventive strategies to reduce overall healthcare resource use[16]. It is here that the Health Visitor’s role perhaps has the greatest scope, and should be more strongly underlined, as this is a great resource for change. Research shows that the role of the health visitor is paramount and unparalleled, in reducing risk related behaviours, improving health outcomes, promoting healthy lifestyles and engaging in the more challenging areas of the health/social car interface[17], [18], [19]. However, there is also some evidence to suggest that nurses and, in particular, health visitors, have a key role to play in expanding and delivering the public health dimension of primary care[20]. In particular, the development of improved partnerships in health and social care may be made possible through the role of such nurses, who have the broader community knowledge as well as specialist knowledge of key areas of public health[21]. These partnerships can be developed with a focus on the quality of care provision, not just the identification of need[22], [23], [24]. However, managing the development of improved partnerships, and achieving the goals of the Strategy, is going to be challenging during the transition period, and there may be a degree of uncertainty over roles and boundaries[25]. It might be that Health Visitors are in a prime position to provide the leadership required during such a time. Conclusions and Recommendations. Below is a summary of a brief SWOT analysis of the primary care strategy and isome of its potential implications. Table 1 SWOT analysis of Primary Care (with Reference to the Republic of Ireland Primary Health Strategy[26]) This shows that while there are issues with weaknesses and threats, many of these are the kind that have been present within the primary arena for some time, and it will take good leadership, and good use of existing skills and resources, to achieve the goals of the strategy. While the primary care focus for healthcare services is laudable, there is still the overwhelming need for good resourcing, more clarity about provision, and clear guidance on how to move forward to achieve these goals. Making use of existing roles, such as that of the Health Visitor, whose work crosses the intersections of care at so many points in the primary care sector, could improve quality of care, reduce the impact of the change and transition, and also set standards for the future to increase interprofessional communication and partnership. Certainly it should not be assumed that the strategy will eradicate all the existing problems about the provision of primary care in Ireland, and those problems must still be addressed in future provision[30]. References 213615 Allen, P. (2000) Accountability for clinical governance: developing collective responsibility for quality in primary care. British Medical Journal 321: 608–611. Barlow, J., Davis, H., McIntosh, E. et al (2007) Role of home visiting in improving parenting and health in families at risk of abuse and neglect: results of a multicentre randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation Archives of Disease in Childhood 92 229-233. Campbell, S.M., Roland, M.O., Middleton, E. and Reeves, D. (2005) Improvements in quality of clinical care in English general practice 1998-2003: longitudinal observational study. BMJ 12;331(7525):1121 Carr, S.M. (2007) Leading change in public health – factors that inhibit and facilitate energizing the process. PrimaryHealth Care Research and Development. 8 207-215. Chavasse, J. (1998) Policy as an influence on public health nuse education in the Republic of Ireland. Journal of Advanced Nursing 28 (1) 172-177. Chavasse, J. (1995) Public Health Nursing in the Republic of Ireland. Nursing Review 14 (1) 4-8. Currie, G. and Suhomlinova, O. (2006) The Impact of Institutional Forces Upon Knowledge Sharing in the UK NHS: The Triumph of Professional Power and the Inconsistency of Policy. Public Administration 84 (1) 1-30. Department of Health and Children (2001) Primary Care: a New Direction. Available from: http://www.dohc.ie/publications/pdf/primcare.pdf?direct=1 Accessed 10-11-08. Douglas, F., van Teijlingen, E., Torrance, N. et al (2006) Promoting physical activity inprimary care settings: health visitors’ and practice nurses’ views and experiences. Journal of Advanced Nursing 55 (2) 159-168. Dunnion, M.E. Kelly, B. (2005) From the emergency department to home Journal of Clinical Nursing 14 776-785. Ewles, L. (2005). Key Topics in Public Health. London. Churchill Livingstone. Jackson, C., Coe, A., Cheater, F.M. and Wroe, S. (2007) Specialist health visitor-led weight management intervention in primary care: exploratory evaluation Journal of Advanced Nursing 58 (1) 23-34. Lordan, G. (2007) What determines a patient’s treatment? Evidence from out of hours primary care co-op data in the Republic of Ireland. Health Care Management and Science 10 283-292. McGregor, P., Nolan, A., Nolan, B. and O’Neill, C. (2007) A comparison of GP visiting in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. ESRI Working Ppaper Avaialble from www.esri.ie Accessed 10-11-08. McMurray, R. and Chester, F. (2003) Partnerships for health: expanding the public health nursing role within PCTs. Primary Health Care Research and Development4 57-65. Masterson, A. (2002) Cross-boundary working: a macro-political analysis of the impact on professional roles. Journal of Clinical Nursing 11 331-339. Mitchell, P.S., Schaad, D.C, Odegard, P.S. Ballweg, R.A. (2006) Working across the boundaries of health professions disciplines in education, research and service: the University of Washington experience. Academic Medicine 81 (10) 891-896. O’Dowd, A. (2005) Uncertainty over reorganisation is destabilising primary care. BMJ331 1164 Price, B. (2006) Exploring person-centred care. Nursing Standard 20 (50) 49-56. Rummery, K. and Coleman, A. (2001) Primary health and social care services in the UK: progress towards partnership? Social Science Medicine 56 (8) 1773-1782 Stanley, D., Reed, J. Brown, S. (1999) Older people, care management and interprofessional practice. Journal of Interprofessional Care 13 (3) 229-237. Starfield, B. (1994) Is primary care essential The Lancet 344 1129-1133. Thomas, P., Graffy, J., Wallace, P. (2006) How Primary Care Networks Can Help Integrate Academic and Service Initiatives in Primary Care Annals of Family Medicine 4:235-239. Vernon, S., Ross, F. Gould, M.A. (2000) Assessment of older people: politics and practice in primary care. Journal of Advanced Nursing 31 (2) 282-287. Watkins, D., Edwards, J. Gastrell, P. eds. (2003). Community Health Nursing: Frameworks for Practice. 2nd ed. p.35. London, Baillià ¨re Tindall. 1 Footnotes [1] Department of Health and Children (2001) p 7. [2] Starfield, B. (1994) [3] Starfield (ibid) [4] Vernon, S., Ross, F. Gould, M.A. (2000) [5] Vernon (ibid) [6] Starfield (ibid). [7] Price, B. (2006) [8] McGregor, P., Nolan, A., Nolan, B. and O’Neill, C. (2007) [9] Stanley, D., Reed, J. Brown, S. (1999) [10] Dunnion, M.E. Kelly, B. (2005) [11] Carr, S.M. (2007) [12] Currie, G. and Suhomlinova, O. (2006) [13] Watkins, D., Edwards, J. Gastrell, P. eds. (2003). [14] Ewles, L. (2005). [15] Jackson, C., Coe, A., Cheater, F.M. and Wroe, S. (2007) [16] Department of Health and Children (ibid). [17] Barlow, J., Davis, H., McIntosh, E. et al (2007) [18] McMurray, R. and Chester, F. (2003) [19] Douglas, F., van Teijlingen, E., Torrance, N. et al (2006) [20] McMurray (ibid) [21] McMurray (ibid) [22] Allen, P. (2000) [23] Campbell, S.M., Roland, M.O., Middleton, E. and Reeves, D. (2005) [24] Rummery, K. and Coleman, A. (2001) [25] O’Dowd, A. (2005) [26] Department of Health and Children (ibid). [27] Masterson, A. (2002) [28] Mitchell, P.S., Schaad, D.C, Odegard, P.S. Ballweg, R.A. (2006). [29] Thomas, P., Graffy, J., Wallace, P. (2006) [30] Lordan, G. (2007)

The Language And Linguistic Competence English Language Essay

The Language And Linguistic Competence English Language Essay Linguistic competence, besides being a part communicative competence, deals with language as such in oral communication which encompasses many spheres namely phonology that deals with pronunciation and perception of speech sounds, prosody that is needed when using intonation to convey syntactic information and the ability to interpret the information conveyed through intonation, lexis or diction which is the ability to choose the proper lexis in communication and make sense of the subtle meaning of a particular word or expression, and grammar that helps sentence formation and interpretation of sentence meaning. Then one needs to clarify the nature of a language. Language  is a set of rules for generating speech  [1]  , or system of conventional spoken or written symbols used by people in a shared culture to communicate with each other  [2]  . This shared culture is created by people. Hence, language cannot exist without its users. If its user quits using a language, then it ceases to exist. The vivid example is Latin language (here, the usage of Latin in medicine or other sciences is omitted). For a language to exist there should be society, because it is the society that uses and modifies language as time goes by. How many languages are there in the world? Entologue research counted 6909 languages in the world  [3]  . And according to Encarta Encyclopedia there are ten mostly used languages in the world: Mandarin Chinese, Hindi or Urdu, Spanish, English, Arabic, Bengali, Russian, Portuguese, Japanese, and German  [4]  ,  [5]  . These are used in intercultural communication most of all. Nonetheless, any language can serve as a channel for information flow. Yet, one language can have many speech communities that are big and small. Lobanov  [6]  implemented this term to describe variations of one language that exist, since one language can have many versions like, for example, English (British English, American English) or variances of one language in one country i.e. dialect. Language by its nature can serve not only as means of communication, but also as self identification or identification of others. Likewise, one can use a language to exclude people from communication. For instance, in Russian prisons inmates use prison jargon in communication so that staff of prison would not understand what they are talking about. Communication can occur if participants of oral communication know and use a common language. It is much easier if they are native speakers of the common language and share a lot of common ground knowledge. However, if they speak a completely different language, they wont have good interaction, except primitive exchange of basic information by hand gestures that can be misleading or they would need to hire an interpreter. This section of the dissertation presents the situation when people do speak a common language, however that means of communication is not their native language and they dont have common grounding. In such case, people would have different styles of communication that reside in their culture and differ from others that naturally cause miscommunication between them. There are 6 types of oral miscommunication which are caused by lack of knowledge of various language spheres such as phonology, lexis, grammar, and cultural competence  [7]  . Table.2 Model for the categorization of nonnative-native speakers oral miscommunication and its causes. Mispronunciation when encoding in speaking Misuse and misunderstanding of spoken due to lack of adequate competence in prosody and phonology Misperception when decoding when hearing Misspeaking when encoding in speaking Misuse and misunderstanding of spoken due to lack of adequate grammar and lexis competence /Misinterpretation of spoken because of lack adequate intercultural competence or socio-cultural differences Misunderstanding or non-understanding when decoding Misformulating spoken discourse misuse and misinterpretation of spoken due to lack of adequate pragmatic competence/ Misinterpretation of spoken because of lack adequate intercultural competence or socio-cultural differences Misunderstanding or non-understanding of spoken discourse. Zhenxian Wang, Verbal Miscommunication Between English Native Speakers And Chinese Learners of English, Beijing Institute of Education, 2009, p. 5-11. Mispronunciation which is the first point of the above table deals with encoding in speaking. Here Encoding is meant to be at the productive phonological level, which has three broad types: segmental, combinational, and supersegmental. Segmental mispronunciation occurs in individual consonants or vowels; combination mispronunciation refers to the omission of one consonant in a consonant cluster, poor pronunciation of linking sounds and weak forms; suprasegmental mispronunciation comprises the phenomena of stress (word stress and sentence stress) rhythm, and intonation  [8]  . For instance, one who speaks English that is not good enough could pronounce heat instead of hit, think like sink and many other words incorrectly. Misperception when decoding when hearing. It occurs when one wrongly perceive or fail to recognize the pronunciation of words. For instance, one can see the difference between hut and hot, sink and think, Seek and sick and other words as he or she might apply the competence on phonology of his or her native language which might differ tremendously. Misspeaking when encoding in speaking. Misuse of lexis, which often results from their lack of knowledge of the connotation of the lexis. For instance, one could say In lame mans terms: instead of In laymans terms meaning someone who lacks specialized knowledge on a topic. It wouldnt be correct, or nice, to label someone a lame man. Misunderstanding or non-understanding when decoding. Ignorance of a words connotation can lead to misspeaking, so it can also bring about misunderstanding. For instance, there is an expression break your leg that is used as a wish of good luck for the actors or entertainers before their performance. It is sometimes used even in the casual everyday life. Without knowing it, the foreigner might be offended that someone is suggesting breaking ones leg. Misformulating spoken discourse. For instance, in China, when the host offers anything to drink or eat, the guest, whether he or she wants to take it or not, will usually reply with a ritual No when asked for the first time. Then the host insists that the guest would accept the offer, replying with something like ok. Whereas, in certain other cultures of such continents as North America or Europe, the host does not serve drink or food against the spoken wishes of the guest. For that reason, in the western world, a Chinese person ends up without food or drink because of his or her ritual answer. Non-native speakers tend to employ the conversation strategies from their cultures, when they are not appropriate in cultures of native speakers or people from other cultures. Non-understanding of discourse force is often a result of failure to distinguish discourse markers. For example, the discourse force of the sentence Nice meeting you is to finish the conversation; however, a nonnative speaker may not understand it. As a result, s/he continues talking to the native speaker who finally has to finish the conversation by saying Sorry, we have to go.  [9]  This situation took place between a Chinese high school female teacher of English and a female visitor from America when they met at the Tiananmen Square for the first time  [10]  . 3.1 Vocabulary or Lexis Words are the basic units of any language in the world that are used in sentences supported by grammar. They are loaded with meanings that can be good, neutral or bad. Problems arise when, for instance, some of the words and phrases whose meanings are unknown to the hearer, which hinder the hearer from comprehension of the conversation. Likewise there are the words known to the hearer but are undesired to be use due to their degree of rudeness. Here I will present and discuss certain categories of words and expressions that require special attention as they might cause miscommunication. 3.2 Slang The first aspect of lexis in intercultural communication that needs reviewing is slang. The reason behind it is that slang and its misunderstanding can cause Behavioral and Mindset Anxiety, Discomfort Fear of the Unknown, Prejudice and Stereotyping, Perceived Cultural Superiority or Ethnocentrism, Racial, Sexual, and Educational Discrimination  [11]  . One needs to understand that Slang is an ever changing set of colloquial words and phrases that speakers use to establish or reinforce social identity or cohesiveness within a group or trend or fashion in society at large  [12]  . The usage of slang in verbal intercultural communication might raise a barrier or misunderstanding as slang is attached to a certain social group, culture or subculture, rather not to language as such. Hence, a person who employs slang in his or her speech with foreigners that is used in communication among the representatives of his or her social group might be misunderstood or not understood at all. There are certain criteria for words to be considered as slang  [13]  : Its presence will markedly lower, at least for the moment, the dignity of formal or serious speech or writing. Its use implies the users special familiarity either with the referent or with that of less status or less responsible class of people who have such familiarity and use the term. It is a tabooed term in ordinary disclosure with persons of higher social status or greater responsibility. It is used in place of the well-known conventional synonyms, especially in order (a) to protect the user from the discomfort caused by the conventional item or (b) to protect the user from the discomfort or annoyance of further elaboration. The most important is to realize that communication requires common ground knowledge for both parties of communication  [14]  . Slang cannot be considered a common ground for intercultural conversation as different nations do not share the knowledge of the same slang across the globe. Not to mention that slang should be avoided in certain settings of official meetings at any cost. The best option is to exclude the use of this type of vocabulary for speech in intercultural communication.