The Current Federal Income Tax System - 1332 Words

The current federal income tax system in the United States (U.S.) is progressive based on the vertical equity principle. However, the tax code is getting increasingly complex and the wealthy are able to avoid paying taxes through loopholes. Hence, more people are yearning for fairness in taxation. With the looming 2016 presidential election, Senator Rand Paul’s proposal of ‘Fair and Flat Tax’ appears to have the most significant change to the current tax policy and I will now analyze if this proposal will improve the efficiency and equity of the U.S. tax code. Senator Paul’s proposal has offered a 14.5% flat rate tax that will be evenly applied to all forms of personal income, including salaries, wages, rents, dividends, interests and capital gains. The tax credit for child and the Earned-Income Tax Credit (EITC) will be retained to help the low-income earners. Study has shown that removing the EITC will cause about 16 million low- and moderate-income earner families to fall into or deeper into poverty (CBPP, 2015). Besides that, the standard deduction per filer will be increased to $15,000 and personal exemption to $5,000 – a family of four will not be taxed for the first $50,000 of income. According to the Tax Foundation’s Taxes and Growth (TAG) Model, wage rates will be lifted by 3.6% if the U.S. were to adapt the Canadian corporate flat tax of 15% (Hodge, 2015). Hence, low-income earners are not worse off with the higher standard deduction and increase in basic wagesShow MoreRelatedWhy the Flat Tax is Better for Am erica Than the Income Tax Essay1373 Words   |  6 Pagespay any income taxes? This is approximately 66 million out of 151 million that now pay no income taxes. From 1950-1990, the percentage of people that owed no money for federal income taxes and paid no federal income taxes was 22 percent. This has now doubled and is putting our economy and country at its breaking point. Our current tax system penalizes those that work and save money. People who pay no taxes still get to enjoy the benefits. A revolutionary change in our tax system is fundamentalRead MoreAdopting a Single Rate Flat Tax System1448 Words   |  6 PagesRate Flat Tax System The one topic that has continually been a major topic in the United States is the topic of taxes. It has been a key component of political campaigns at all levels since the political scene has been of interest to me. There are two major tax systems that are viable options in the U.S. today. There is the federal individual income tax system and a single rate flat tax system. The U.S. currently uses the federal individual income tax system. This type of tax system got itsRead MoreThe Current Federal Tax System1415 Words   |  6 PagesIn my opinion as to whether or not the current federal income tax structure is fair for most Americans is that it is not fair. The following information will provide support for my decision. The main federal tax brackets are for single individuals, married individuals filing separately, married individuals filing as a couple and individuals filing as a head of household. In the financial year 2014, the lowest tax bracket paid a rate of 10% on in come up to $9,075 while the highest bracket paidRead MoreTax Reform Essay1731 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans. American’s view the tax system as a bad thing and give the government no room to try to change the tax system due to fear. The tax system today in the United States is progressive, the percentage of income individual pays in taxes tends to increase with increasing income. People will pay a higher rate in taxes with higher income. Today’s tax system has too many loop holes which are ways accountant can break through the tax system without paying. Our system today is very complex with bracketsRead MoreThe Current Tax Code For The United States1626 Words   |  7 PagesThe current tax code for the United States is almost 74,000 pages long. Or to put that into a different light: About 116 copies of Herman Melville’s Moby Dick. It is small wonder that a few of the announced candidates for President of the United States, have again begun to kick the tires on the topic of a Flat Tax. But is a flat tax actually a solution to our country’s growing tax complexity? What are the potential economic effects of a flat tax (both positive and negative)? Finally, is a flatRead MoreThe Tax Laws And The United States Constitution1097 Words   |  5 Pagesburden of federal income taxes. Income taxes were first proposed as a better way of gathering revenue, as well as an effective measure to manipulate economic spending. However, the current tax code bears very little resemblance to the relatively simple codes that were originally written into law. Today’s tax laws have grown astonishingly complex and unequally distributes the burden of tax liabilities. Our country should confront the issues derived from the increasing complexity of the tax laws andRead Moreprogressive tax fairness1322 Words   |  6 Pages Progressive Income Tax Fairness The issue of federal income tax policy has been one of hot debate and controversy for many years. Discussions and arguments on the issue have been presented on the floors of Congress, in the United States Supreme Court, used by politicians as political platforms, broadcasted in televised debates, and discussed around the dinner table of American families of various socioeconomic backgrounds for years. The Federal Government of the United States of America, likeRead MoreComplex Taxes Essay1053 Words   |  5 PagesComplexed Taxes The federal income tax in the United States of America is consider to be one of the most pressing issues, narrated by it complication. The Sixteenth Amendment ratified to the U.S. Constitution in 1913, established the federal income tax. The system imposes a tax on wages and salaries earned whether from self-employment income, alimony, prizes, capital gains, dividends, and interest. So, all incomes are not taxable, and there are differences in between â€Å"adjusted gross income,† and â€Å"taxableRead MoreIs A Flat Tax Really Better Than Our Current Progressive Tax System?1398 Words   |  6 PagesIs a flat tax really better than our current progressive tax system? It is currently being contemplated as an alternative solution to the ever-increasing tax debacle in the United States. With such a significant and potentially life-changing event on the rise, it is vital to address the concerns involved. If implemented, the flat tax system would cause a loss of revenue for the g overnment, greatly reduce IRS jobs, and negatively impact the lower income families. First, to understand the effectsRead MoreGrowing Taxes, Growing Inequality1047 Words   |  5 PagesGrowing Taxes, Growing Inequality: A Brief Glimpse Into The Disparities Inherent To The American Tax System â€Å"Thinking has been one thing no one has been able to tax.† -Charles Kettering Within the United States, there is an unequal collection and distribution of resources. The current unequal or socially unjust tax system is a direct contrast to the social justice theories of John Rawls. The taxation discrepancy has ramifications on many important aspects of our society, such as health care

Media Violence - 9754 Words

Children are among the greatest of imitatorsÂ… The debate over media violence has eluded definitive answers for more then three decades. At first glance, the debate is dominated by one question. Whether or not media violence causes real life violence and whether or not it has a negative effect of the modern day Canadian family. Closer examination reveals a political battle. On one hand, there are those who blame media violence for societal violence and want to censor violent content to protect our children. On the other hand, there are those who see regulation as a slippery slope to censorship or a smoke screen hiding the basic causes of violence in society. One thing is certain: the issue of media violence is not going away.†¦show more content†¦Violence has always played a role in Television. But theres a growing concern that, in recent years, something about media violence has changed. Laval University professors Guy Paquette and Jacques de Guise studied six major Canadian television networks over a seven-year period , examining films, situation comedies, dramatic series, and childrens programming. The study found that between 1993 and 2001, incidents of physical violence increased by 378 per cent. TV shows in 2001 averaged 40 acts of violence per hour (Public Health Agency, 2003). Throughout the cycle of life we imitate others in order to learn new thing and to reinforce our identity within a particular group. The following are stories of children imitating characters from television with tragic results; A five year old boy sets his home on fire, killing his two year old sister following a Beavis and Butthead episode. The boys mother describes him as addicted to Beavis and Butthead, two cartoon characters who enjoy setting fire and other antisocial acts. An adolescent boy was killed by aShow MoreRelatedMedia Violence And The Media Essay864 Words   |  4 PagesExposure to the media violence may be especially problematic in late adolescence. Television and other media play a major role in adolescent socialization and identity development by providing perspectives, values, ideologies, and behavior models (Arnett G., Roberts D. et al.). The socializing role of television in particular may be ampliï ¬ ed by the large amount of time young people spend with this medium. Speciï ¬ cally, 18- to 24-year-olds spend more time watching television and movies than youngerRead MoreMedia Violence1535 Words   |  7 Pagesat looking at the potentially harmful effects of the consumption of violent media and the impact it has on psychological factors. Two psychological factors that have been researched are empathy and aggression and how violent media influences these two emotions. Theories that have tried explaining the pathway from the viewing o f violence in media and the impact on aggression have generally focused on the role of violent media being used by consumers as observational learning and promoting the developmentRead MoreMedia Violence and Violence in Society1059 Words   |  4 Pagesprogramming contains some violence, there should be more and more violent crime after television is available† (Freedman). Many suggest the violence in media is causing violence in society but then how is it that violent crimes are actually decreasing in the United States. The violence that is occurring is actually due from the mentally ill, poor parenting, and the location of where one lives in society. Violence has actually decreased over the decades even though media has more violence than ever beforeRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence In The Media1212 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction With the recent increase in media presence throughout the world, there has also been an increase in violence portrayed through the media. Media violence is believed to be causing aggression in today’s youth and society. This paper will examine the potential reasons on how media violence is causing aggression Review of Literature In a study conducted, media psychologists, mass communication scientists, pediatricians, and parents all completed an anonymous online survey that asked whetherRead MoreViolence in Mass Media594 Words   |  2 PagesViolence in Mass Media Violence is everywhere and in everything from what we see to what we hear. Today’s society has become acquainted with the violence in video games, tv shows, movies, and music since it is everywhere but many have become too attached to this violence and brought it to real life. Many assume that getting rid of this violence is essential to a more passive and peaceful society but there are more benefits to the portail of violence that society sees today. One of the key itemsRead MoreMedia, Violence, And Violence Essay1892 Words   |  8 Pageswould be the media. Media and violence are both very wide and broad concepts that have massive impacts in our society, and it is important to distinguish their relationship with each other. The types of media are things such as violent video games, films, newspapers, magazines and television. One particular type of media that is often very problematized is violent video games. Different studies have shown convincing and unconvincing correlational in regards to the media and violence, but to whomRead MoreMedia, Violence, And Violence Essay1949 Words   |  8 Pageswould be the media. Media and violence are both very wide and broad concepts that have massive impacts in our society, and it is important to distinguish their relationship with each other. The types of media are things such as violent video games, films, newspapers, magazines and television. One particular type of media that is ofte n very problematized is violent video games. Different studies have shown convincing and unconvincing correlational in regards to the media and violence, but to whomRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Behavioral Violence916 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Media Violence on Behavioral Violence in Young Adults in America The influence of mass media has progressively increased in American society, but can the media have effects beyond mere entertainment and impartial information? American culture has become saturated with online news reports, social media, and media entertainment. Technology has become a major factor in America’s social environment. Much of the information gained from digital sources involves or portrays violence, and manyRead MoreMedia Violence And Its Effects1057 Words   |  5 Pages Media violence exposure has been investigated as a risk factor for aggression behavior for years. The impact of exposure to violence in the media the long term development and short term development of aggressive behavior has been documented. Aggression is caused by several factors, of which media violence is one. Research investigating the effects of media violence in conjunction with other predictors of aggression such as; environmental factors and dysfunction within the family household,Read MoreThe Effects Of Violence On The Media1550 Words   |  7 PagesThe effect of violence in the media is a big controversy; some say it affects are society and others say that there is not any proof of this. There are many theories on how violence in media does, and how it does not, affect our society. Many people claim watching television or even playing video games will affect children’s or young adults’ minds. Researches claim that they found no evidence of change in aggr essiveness in children or young adults while playing video games. Researchers allowed children

Arranged Marriage a Violation of Human Rights - 2148 Words

Arranged Marriage: A violation of human rights? Ashley Bowers December 7, 2011 SOCW 510 Introduction Do arranged marriages violate human rights as they are protected by international humanitarian law? Marriage is a vital part of the social and economic life of a person’s life. It forms the foundation for a continued family line, and the backdrop for raising children. In most societies, marriage is an important relation both between the two people and between the person and the society, and there are many rituals and traditions tied to the marriage. In many parts of the world, arranged marriages are still common, and are the expected and accepted way to find someone to share a lifetime with. Definition A definitive distinction between†¦show more content†¦In the same way as arranged marriages are an established and expected part of Islamic culture, arranged marriages are very common also in India, where Hinduism is the leading religion. Most marriages here are arranged, but importantly with† the consent of the bride and the bridegroom and the blessings of the elders† (http://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/h_marriage.asp). Also here the question of consent is very important to provide a distinction between arranged and forced marriage. This focus on consent has been a modern development of this ancient tradition. In the past, consent from the spouses was not necessary for them to be married (http://www.culturalindia.net/weddings/arranged-marriage.html HHHHHjjlafdkdk.) Arranged marriages are set up by friends and family, and sometimes by a matchmaker that sets up the marriage. But the bride’s father has the most responsibility in arranging marriage for his daughter, and is the one who approaches the father of a potential bridegroom. Important aspects when considering a possible match are financial status, caste, and the bride and bridegrooms horoscopes matching. The role of astrology is important, and if a Hindu priest finds that the horoscopes of the potential spouses do not match, they will not marry, and must begin the search all over again (Livermore, 2009). India’s view of marriage first and then love is very different from the Western view where love comes before marriage, seems to be successful. TheShow MoreRelatedForced Marriage During The Middle East1729 Words   |  7 Pages Since some decade, forced marriage has been a source of problem in Africa and in the Middle East in a ration of families. It is likewise a very challenging, and profound theme to talk about besides to resolve in those societies since it is very difficult to know the true percentage of forced marriages. What is the definition of forced marriage? Forced marriage is the union of two persons, without the agreement of one of them. The two families of the marry couple, will prepare everythingRead MoreMarriage Practices And Beliefs Have Changed Tremendously1738 Words   |  7 PagesToday, marriage practices and beliefs have changed tremendously. Many years ago, the traditional marriage would have been between a man and a woman. But what is tradition now a days? So much has changed from back then and now. When it comes to marriage, all cultures have their own rituals and beliefs, and respect and honor those beliefs. Marriage is defiantly viewed differently depending on where you live and differs all over the entire world. In this research paper you will hear about marriageRead MoreAre Arranged Marriages and Forced Marriages Unethical1550 Words   |  7 PagesAre Arranged Marriages and Forced Marriages Unethical? Would you consider having your marriage forced or arranged to a person you never met or seen before? Most probably no, but this is happening to many young females and males all over the world. Arranged and forced marriages have been a heated debate in certain cultures, justifying whether it is good or bad it’s hard to judge. There have however also been many changes to these traditions in contemporary society, regarding culture clashing. ResearchingRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream By William Shakespeare1349 Words   |  6 Pagesonly one of the parties is consenting to this arranged marriage: Demetrius. Although arranged marriage is still an extremely prevalent practice in countries all over the world, in most of the more technologically advanced countries in both Europe and North America, arranged marriage remains to be a legal practice, while forced marriage is not. It is clear by looking at both A Midsummer Night’s Dream and the outmoded practice of the forced mar riages that is still being enforced today, that genuineRead MoreSpeech: Human Rights Violations in India768 Words   |  4 PagesSpeech: Human Rights Violations in India One third of the world’s child brides originate from India; whose journalists are continuously shut down for revealing their political opinions. India’s culture has been having arranged underage marriage for many centuries, â€Å"Child marriage, which has existed for centuries, is a complex issue, rooted deeply in gender inequality, tradition and poverty† according to an article published by UNICEF. In an article published by the Library of Congress Jeanine CaliRead MoreHuman Rights Violations: Honor Killings1621 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Rights Violations: Honor Killings The issue of human rights is an issue of unparalleled significance in all countries of the world. Though this issue has not always been called by this name throughout the course of human history, it has persisted as a critical issue nonetheless for as long as there has been injustice and destructive power dynamics within a society, which unfortunately, has been the tradition for as long as humanity has existed. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the United NationsRead MoreA Brief Note On The Movement And Exchange Of Goods, Services And Ideas1471 Words   |  6 Pagesbirth to a daughter is disgraceful for them. Arranged and child marriage is a strong part of Indian culture. Female Infanticide is very common in the lower and uneducated sections of society in both urban and rural India. Though the predominant reason is a dowry, superstitions evolved from religious and cultural beliefs fueled it. The video, Fighting Against Female Infanticide, focuses mainly on how people are fighting against human rights violations in India, including infanticide. The video discussesRead MoreChild Marriage Is A Violation Of Human Rights1705 Words   |  7 Pages Child marriage, can be defined as a women or a man who has been married before the legal adult age of 18, is still prevalent today, even in the â€Å"developed† nation of the United States. Most of the time these marriages are both arranged and forced, whether it be by a community or by parents. The main driving factor in the US for these types of marriages is religion, and with our present culture, the aim is for control. Child and forced marriages in the United States have been around since the beginningRead MoreThe role of women in contemporary Turkey is defined by an ongoing gender equality struggle. Many1200 Words   |  5 Pages Women cannot have an abortion easily. Also, they cannot go out alone or live alone either. There are too many situations that women face in Turkey. Also women have rights to bodily integrity and autonomy, vote, work with fair wages or equal pay, own property, education and have marital and parental rights. Even most of their rights are protected by legal framework, still women are not free in our country. Mostly because of they are under peer (or neighborhood) pressure. The Declaration on the EliminationRead MoreMarital Rape And Sexual Rape1177 Words   |  5 Pageshave a law against it. Some people will say marital rape is impossible and others will say it is totally possible and is considered an actual rape. Mandal says, if the legal category of rape implies sex without consent and the legal understanding of marriage entails compulsory sex, then the two will be considered mutually exclusive and the very notion of ‘marital rape’ a contradiction and an impossibility. English jurists in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, such as Matthew Hale and William

The Great Wall of China - 600 Words

The Great Wall of China is an assemblage of smaller walls built by various dynasties over many years. Builders erected these walls for protection from invasions by those from the north. The Great Wall itself, with a history lasting over 2000 years, measures approximately 5,500 miles in length, although some of the sections lie in ruin or have disappeared altogether. It is about 25 feet high and is 15-30 feet wide. It is the longest man-made structure in the world. In the 7th century B.C. the first of the smaller walls were constructed. Few of these remain today, but they were the starting point of what became the Great Wall of China. The first emperor to have the various lengths of walls joined together was Qin Shi Huang, whose dynasty†¦show more content†¦For those who wish to explore without many tourists surrounding them, The Nan Pass, at the southern part of the Juyongguan section, is for them. It is known for its Cloud Platform, built during the Yuan Dynasty. This watchtower is made of white marble, with Buddhist writings and statues of gods on either side of the doorway. About 45 miles from Beijing is the Mutianyu section of the Great Wall. Although it is older than some of the other passes are, it looks nearly the same as it did centuries ago. It is known for its large number of watchtowers. In this 1 ½-mile section, there are more than 20 towers, with three of them connected by a tunnel inside the wall. Those who do not enjoy going through tunnels may enjoy using the overhead cable car to view the beautiful scenery. Viewing the Shanhaiguan Pass section of the Great Wall gives visitors a chance to understand the military power of ancient China. There are several tourist spots in this area such as the First Pass under Heavens. Because this was a defensive section of the Great Wall, builders constructed it with a stone base and a brick wall. Even today, this area is very strong. The nearby Great Wall Museum, which has a display of the history of the pass as well as military relics, is available for those desiring more information on the area. It is interesting to note that the Chinese had several methods of defending their wall. Some sections of theShow MoreRelatedThe Great Wall Of China1196 Words   |  5 Pagesincludes modules of ________ so you can see the construction of _____ Today I am going to be presenting the Great Wall of China and what political and military reasons it was built for. The construction was a feat of great magnitude and reflected the innovations and technological advancements of the Ancient Chinese. The reason I have decided to focus upon the Ancient Chinese is because I find China a very interesting civilisation. The ancient Chinese civilisation began 7,000 to 8,000 years ago and aboutRead MoreThe Great Wall Of China1123 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Great Wall] demonstrates the manifestation of the wisdom and tenacity of the Chinese people.†(cortland.edu). China is considered one of the world’s oldest civilizations with the first dynasty beginning in 221 B.C.. A famous icon of this great civilization is the Great Wall of China, or known to the Chinese as Wan Li Chang Cheng. During the Warring States period, many feudal societies built their own sections for security. Eventually the walls were connected and there was a unified China. WithRead MoreThe Great Wall Of China1266 Words   |  6 Pages The Great Wall of China James Allen World History 1st period February 1, 2015 The first unified Chinese empire was formed in 221 B.C., that was when seven states were brought together by Shi Huangdi, a conqueror from the state of Qin. Shi Huangdi means â€Å"first emperor.† Until the twentieth century all rulers of imperial China called themselves the emperor. The emperor was believed, by the people of China, to be the son of heaven, God-like. They believed that each ofRead MoreThe Great Wall Of China905 Words   |  4 Pages It has been said that the Great Wall of China is so immense that it can be seen from space with just the human eye. Unfortunately, that is simply a rumor and has been confirmed false. Nonetheless, the Great Wall of China is also the world’s longest wall and biggest piece of ancient architecture, which is still a pretty big deal. Its official length is about 13,170 miles long, more than four times the width of the United States. The wall crosses over ten provinces and cities, including QinghaiRead MoreThe Great Wall Of China1641 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Wall of China is known as the largest construction project to be put in effect in all of world history. The wall, also known in China as long wall of 10,000 li, is a collection of numerous short walls extending along the crest of hills on the southern edge of the Mongolian plain. Although it is a common misconception that the Great Wall of China is one long continuous wall, it s structural inconsistency in no way undermines its greatness. The wall has been built, destructed, rebuiltRead MoreThe Great Wall Of China2440 Words   |  10 Pagescollectively achieve the objectives. The Great Wall of China is an example of the history of the success goal of organization. Ming dynasty, Zhengtong Emperor has forced approximately 2 to 3 millions labor to build the defense wall to protect the empire and also border control that could encourage trade. With the Zhengtong Emperor led the organization of collective effort of the people, the resul t is 8851.8 kilometers of defense wall, with combined of previous built great wall is 21,196 kilometers, becomingRead MoreEssay on The Great Wall of China1270 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Wall of China is one of the greatest architectural achievements ever recorded in history. The Great Wall translates to â€Å"long fortress.† The wall was made entirely by hand. It was built to protect the Chinese from intruders from different Nomadic Tribes. The wall is about 5,500 miles long. The wall did not stretch across all of China but it stretched from Shanhaiguan in the East to Lop Nur in the West. Some people say that you can even see the wall from the moon! Wouldn’t that be somethingRead More The Great Wall of China Essay2903 Words   |  12 PagesThe Great Wall of China To the northwest and north of Beijing, a huge, serrated wall zigzags its way to the east and west along the undulating mountains. This is the Great Wall, which is said to be visible from the moon. This massive wall has not only been one of the Ancient Seven Wonders of the World, but it has also been inspiration for many artists, and writers. The building of the Great Wall is one of the biggest tragedies, but through this tragedy arose triumph with the wall, being soRead MoreGreat Wall of China Essay example1375 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Wall of China stretches about 5,500 miles long crossing deserts, mountains, grasslands, and plateaus. It took more than 2,000 years to build this incredible manmade structure. Many people died to build this wall. It displays the changes between the agricultural and nomadic civilizations. It proves that the superb structure was very important to military defense. It became a national symbol of the Chinese as a security for their country and its p eople. The Great Wall of China must be preservedRead MoreGreat Wall of China Report Essay2063 Words   |  9 PagesThe Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China is truly one of the greatest architectural achievements in recorded history. The longest structure ever built, it is about 6,700 kilometers (4,163 miles) long and made entirely by hand. This wall is said to be visible from the moon. It crosses Northern China, from the East coast to Central China (Karls, 1). This massive wall is not only one of the ancient wonders of the world, but it also has been the inspiration of many writers and artists. With

Academic Skills for Success

Question: Explain about the topic "Academic Skills for Success". Answer: Executive summary Anxiety and stress due the modern lifestyle is at a rise and the effects are seen mainly among the students. Anxiety and stress are affecting the power of recall among the students. The main reason of failing to recall the information is due to the neuro-physiological changes that takes place in the brain when the student suffers from anxiety and stress. It has been found that the individuals themselves regulate the human emotions, which at times gets affected when the person goes through any stressful situation. Hence, when the person is feeling stressed out, the person can control the situation by taking deep breath, listening to music and other activities which will diver the mind. Studies have found that the junior student are prone to anxiety and stress as they are new to the pressure of education. The senior students have been acquainted to the pressure and hence they manage the curriculum in a better manner. Many times, it has been seen that the students fail in the examinatio ns not because of lack of studies but because of the fear of not scoring property in the examination. Recreational activities like yoga, spending time with pets, listening to music, and going out for stroll are recommended to reduce the amount of stress experienced by the students. Introduction Due to the fast pace of life and the rise competition among the individuals, the amount of stress and anxiety is increasing steeply. The urge to stay ahead in the race and perform well than the competitions builds up a pressure on the individuals and at times, they succumb to the pressure (Hyman and Pedrick 2012). The students are also feeling the pressure and the stress is affecting their memory when they are sitting for the examinations. The burden of faring well in the examinations and the pressure of studies are creating a tension among them and they are not able to prepare for the examinations in full-fledged manner (Silverton 2012). The report will mainly focus on the problems of recalling that are rising among the students. The report will further evaluate the problems to check the situation that are mainly responsible for the pressure among the students. A recommendation will be given at the end of the report, which will have the remedies that will help the student to overcom e the stress and perform peacefully in the examinations. Conclusion It can be concluded that the anxiety and stress can be the main reasons behind the problems of recalling the information during the examinations. It has been seen that the under-graduate students who are in the first and second year of their study suffer from more stress than the final year students. It can be mainly due to the facts the final year students have understood the ways to tackle the stress. It has also been seen that other than the stress of the examinations, the students who belong from poor economic background also suffer from the stress. However, it was found that leisure activities that can be done outside the house or keeping a pet in the house might reduce stress. The students will then spend time outside the studies and will be able to concentrate on studies in a better manner. References Hyman, B. and Pedrick, C. (2012).Anxiety disorders. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books. Silverton, S. (2012).The mindfulness breakthrough. London: Watkins Pub.

Juridical System Been Maintained Properly †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Juridical System Been Maintained Properly? Answer: Introduction: In the common law system, the main object of the Court of Justice is to ensure the juridical system has been maintained properly. In the early stage of the common law system there were some professional representation conducted before a judge[1]. The main objective of the judicial system is to prevent the offenders by imposing certain penal provisions on them so that the other members of the society do not engage themselves in crime. However, it was stated by certain legal practitioner that the consequences of judgment can either be beneficial to the society or it can be harmful. The beneficial effect is known as therapeutic jurisprudence. In this report, an approach has been made towards this system through a case law[2]. Court visit: I have had a court visit in the case of R vs Robertson (2017) QCA 164 and I have observed many things and gained personal knowledge that enriched my mind with certain steps regarding the Moot court practice. Accounting to Mr Byron, it is important to bring back the glory regarding the self representation and the process of legal jurisprudence should be amended[3]. In the above mentioned case, certain provisions regarding the arson what's the subject matter and the kiss was tried before the judge of the Queensland. The citation of the case is [2017] QCA 164. The subject matter of the case is attempting arson along with certain other provisions of law. In this case the applicant was the Robertson who tries to set the fire at her friends place. The file number of this case is CA 43 of 2017. DC no. 465 of 2017 (new) and DC no. 2635 of 2016. The name of the presiding judge in this case was Atkinson J and Philippides JJA. The hearing date of this case was 27th April 2017. Case summary: This case is concerned with the attempt to arson in the territory of another[4]. The accused was preliminary heard before the Lower court and sentenced him for the period of 5 years of imprisonment. In the present case an apple has been made against the order of the Lower court. There are certain Grounds mentioned under the provision of law regarding the penalty profession of the judgement-based profession[5]. There are many cases references taken by the judges of the court regarding the same offence. In Silsack v Rhode (2017) QCA, arson had been done regarding the property of another and round word was finalized with the term of 5 years of imprisonment. However it was observed by the judges of the court that the scope of this case is quite different than the other cases. It is also been stated that the person has not done the crime arson. There was an attempt has been taken by the accused. In this case the applicant prayed for an appeal reduces the sentencing order of the Lower cour t. Role and contention of the judges: It was held by Philippides J. that it is the discretionary power of the judge to decide the terms of the sentence regarding any offence. It is clear from the confession this statement of the appellant that he was engaged in an attempt to arson. It is also stated by the judge that if there are sufficient proof regarding the matter that person who have Set Fire and the house of another or attempt to commit arson without affecting the whole parts of the building, the nature of the offence will be imposed under the purview of the serious conduct. It was stated by J. Philippidesthat the appellant had an intention to affect the interest of the landlord's house and to meet the intention successfully she had torched the house of the landlord[6]. On the other hand, as per the statement made by J. Atkinson, the provision relating to the punishment of arson is wide in nature. A mere confession of the appellant cannot held him liable for the sentencing up to the period of 5 years or more. Atkinson was taken help from some presidents of the case of similar nature and state that in the act of arson, is there was no sufficient proof that leads towards the subject that the wheel of the offender was to destroy the house properly, the period of sentencing should not exceed the term of 3 years. In this case it has been observed that the lower Court has failed to analyse the various prospects of the case and therefore ordered for a sentence of 5 years. It has also been call attended by justice Atkinson that the Lord has failed to provide any profession order or intensive correction order and therefore the lower Court has to complete the rules that is mentioned under section 160 B 160 C or 160 D of the punishment and sentencing Act 1992[ 7]. As per the statement made in the sections it is the right of every offended to get a payroll when the terms of the sentences 3 years or less than 3 years. However, J Atkinson stated that the ground of appeal in this case is not revocable in nature and the jurisprudential mentality of the Lower court is sufficient regarding the sentencing procedure of the case and their food the appeal in this ground was held dismissed. Characterisation of the case: In relation to Mischaracterisation of applicants criminality contention is the judge erred by characterising the intention of the applicant as trying to torch the house, when instead her intention was just to throw a lit phonebook onto a tiled floor to create a mess, harass, and cause financial detriment. Atkinson J accepted the trial judge used it merely to mean set fire rather than to destroy[8]. It was agreed by the judge that it was a serious offending. The judge was convinced that the trial judge adequately set out his sentencing remarks. Atkinson J provided that the trial judges approach is entirely orthodox in relation to procedural fairness. The judge provided that the trial judge had considered all option and then provided prison to be the last resort. In R v Johnson it was provided by Jerred J. that where there is no fraud or no danger to safety of others, arson head sentence should be 3 years[9]. The judge provided attempted arson should carry a less severe sentence than a rson. Her Honour proceeds to consider a list of cases and appropriate sentences imposed for arson and attempted arson to determine whether the trial judges imposition of a 2 and a half year head sentence was manifestly excessive such as the case of R v Heckendorf and Wong v The Queen (2001). Functioning of the court My experience in the court is quite pleasant in nature. The stops of the court on the court room were friendly. The judges were compassionate regarding the topic of the case and apply their wide judicial mind to come into the conclusion to the case. The relevant provisions of the case are section 460 of the criminal code as well as Section 4 of the criminal code. The definition of arson has been mentioned under section 461 and Section 4 of the criminal code has stated that the action taken by the accused regarding the offence that will be prosecuted if there is a there is a will regarding the ocean has been found. Jurisprudential approach regarding the case: It has been mentioned that the objective of the judicial system in Australia is not only to prevent crime, but to create certain positive impacts on the society[10]. The beneficial impact is known as the therapeutic jurisprudence. Professor David Wexler was coined the term for the first time. Therapeutic jurisprudence derives from the jurisprudential analysis made by a judge and it was suggested by the legal researchers that an attempt has to be taken to reduce the harmful effect of law through the right applicability of therapeutic jurisprudence. Therapeutic jurisprudence enhances the role of the lawyers and judge and an approach regarding the mental healthcare has been made by way of this. The role of the judges, police, witnesses are extended to diminish the harmful effect of legal figures. It requires solving a problem by interpersonal skills[11]. In this case, it has been observed that the accused was arrested for committing arson in the house of his land lord. However, when the matter was come before the court, the judges of the court had examined all the nature of the offence and analyse all the legal supplements to come into the final decision. It was held by the court that the person had made an attempt to arson and not had committed it. Therefore, certain beneficial effects have been created by way of the judgment. his approach has been taken from the aspects of the mental and emotional welfare of persons engaged with some legal process[12]. It helps to understand the originality of the case, whether the accused really did wrong or not. This approach also creates impact on the family members of the accused. Therapeutic jurisprudence is known as the clinical legal education. Conclusion Therefore from the above mentioned paragraph it is clear that in this case the accused has confessed the commission of the offence and there are other offences had been done by the accused. It is concept by the excuse that not only our son but he is engaged in the stealing and pawning of the things related to the landlord to harm his interest. Therefore, the appeal made by the Appellant regarding the reduction of the sentencing period is dismissed by the court of law. Reference: Davis, M.R. and Bennett, D., 2015. Future directions for criminal behaviour analysis of deliberately set fire events. The psychology of arson: A practical guide to understanding and managing deliberate firesetters, p.100. Dragiewicz, M. (2015). Family law reform and domestic violence: Lessons from Australia. InComparative Perspectives on Domestic Violence: Lessons from Efforts Worldwide(pp. 127-140). Oxford University Press. Every?Palmer, S., Brink, J., Chern, T.P., Choi, W.K., Hern?Yee, J.G., Green, B., Heffernan, E., Johnson, S.B., Kachaeva, M., Shiina, A. and Walker, D., 2014. Review of psychiatric services to mentally disordered offenders around the Pacific Rim. Asia?Pacific Psychiatry, 6(1), pp.1-17. Fine, A., Cavanagh, C., Donley, S., Steinberg, L., Frick, P.J. and Cauffman, E., 2016. The role of peer arrests on the development of youths attitudes towards the justice system. Law and human behavior, 40(2), p.211. Miller, H.V. and Barnes, J.C., 2013. Genetic transmission effects and intergenerational contact with the criminal justice system: A consideration of three dopamine polymorphisms. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 40(6), pp.671-689. Nelson, M. J., Hinkle, R. K. (2015). Crafting the Law: How Opinion Content Influences Legal Development. Papalia, N., Thomas, S.D., Ching, H. and Daffern, M., 2015. Changes in the prevalence and nature of violent crime by youth in Victoria, Australia. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 22(2), pp.213-223. Pooley, K., 2015. An analysis of youth misuse of fire in New South Wales. Redlich, A.D. and Han, W., 2014. Examining the links between therapeutic jurisprudence and mental health court completion. Law and Human Behavior, 38(2), p.109. Richardson, E., Spencer, P. and Wexler, D.B., 2016. The International Framework for Court Excellence and therapeutic jurisprudence: Creating excellent courts and enhancing wellbeing. Wexler, D.B., Perlin, M.L., Vols, M., Spencer, P. and Stobbs, N., 2016. Current Issues in Therapeutic Jurisprudence [1] Dragiewicz, M. (2015). Family law reform and domestic violence: Lessons from Australia. InComparative Perspectives on Domestic Violence: Lessons from Efforts Worldwide(pp. 127-140). Oxford University Press. [2] Nelson, M. J., Hinkle, R. K. (2015). Crafting the Law: How Opinion Content Influences Legal Development. [3] Davis, M.R. and Bennett, D., 2015. Future directions for criminal behaviour analysis of deliberately set fire events. The psychology of arson: A practical guide to understanding and managing deliberate firesetters, p.100. [4] Pooley, K., 2015. An analysis of youth misuse of fire in New South Wales. [5] Papalia, N., Thomas, S.D., Ching, H. and Daffern, M., 2015. Changes in the prevalence and nature of violent crime by youth in Victoria, Australia. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 22(2), pp.213-223. [6] Every?Palmer, S., Brink, J., Chern, T.P., Choi, W.K., Hern?Yee, J.G., Green, B., Heffernan, E., Johnson, S.B., Kachaeva, M., Shiina, A. and Walker, D., 2014. Review of psychiatric services to mentally disordered offenders around the Pacific Rim. Asia?Pacific Psychiatry, 6(1), pp.1-17. [7] Richardson, E., Spencer, P. and Wexler, D.B., 2016. The International Framework for Court Excellence and therapeutic jurisprudence: Creating excellent courts and enhancing wellbeing. [8] Redlich, A.D. and Han, W., 2014. Examining the links between therapeutic jurisprudence and mental health court completion. Law and Human Behavior, 38(2), p.109. [9] Wexler, D.B., Perlin, M.L., Vols, M., Spencer, P. and Stobbs, N., 2016. Current Issues in Therapeutic Jurisprudence. [10] Fine, A., Cavanagh, C., Donley, S., Steinberg, L., Frick, P.J. and Cauffman, E., 2016. The role of peer arrests on the development of youths attitudes towards the justice system. Law and human behavior, 40(2), p.211. [11] Miller, H.V. and Barnes, J.C., 2013. Genetic transmission effects and intergenerational contact with the criminal justice system: A consideration of three dopamine polymorphisms. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 40(6), pp.671-689. [12] Redlich, A.D. and Han, W., 2014. Examining the links between therapeutic jurisprudence and mental health court completion.Law and Human Behavior, 38(2), p.109.

Business Plan Models for Sustainable Innovation

Question: Describe about the Business Plan for Models for Sustainable Innovation. Answer: Vision and Mission Statement The first one refers to a dream or a goal that the company aspires to achieve. On the other hand, the mission statement describes the indented strategy and business philosophy for making the companys vision to be real (Dermol, 2012. P.329.) Elcoms statement is leaders in enterprise web content management which distinguishes us from all other firms and conveys all efforts applied by the business to achieve its goals and it provides a strategic direction for the enterprise. Moreover, it enables employees to know and focus on the primary objectives of the organization. Company Overview Elcom began in 1996 where it dealt with the Australian Taxation offices e-tax online platform before it changed to start providing web content management and intranet software. Product or Service Plan The company provides web services which include the provision of administrative tools which allow users to create and manage efficiently contents in the worldwide website. It provides intranet services as well which is a small area private network mostly installed in an organization for the staff to use. These services are influenced by some factors which are listed below Factors affecting Elcoms services External Factors Ramakrishnan, Jones, and Sidorova (2012. P. 490) refers them as elements which originate from the external business environment but have an effect towards the companys production activities and in most times they are beyond the business control. They include changes in technology, economy, demography, political, and legal activities. Technological changes: Improvement in technology improves production of services. For example, the release Version 9.5 of elcomCMS by the company in 2014, has led to accuracy, reliability, easy accessibility and simplicity use of its software (Boons, and Ldeke-Freund, 2013. P.12.) Economic changes: They result to fluctuation of prices in the economy due to changes in interest rates, appreciation, and devaluation of currency. The increase in prices lowers the revenue generated by Elcom because the consumers tend to purchase fewer services to save their incomes to buy other products. Demography changes: Refer to factors which illustrate the changing structure of human populations in a given area. The people in Sydney is said to be more multicultural due to immigrants who raise the demand for Elcoms services. Although the firm may lack employees due to a rapidly aging population who have lower production capabilities (Betts, 2014. P. 16) Political-legal activities: The Australian Consumer Law (ACL) provides rules, policies and regulations regarding contract terms, and rights of the consumer guarantees. Furthermore, there are penalties, registration and the licensing fee which may limit operations of the Elcom Company. Changes in Australias political leadership may form a government which might change the existing policies such as the introduction of product liability regulation law. Internal Factors They result from the immediate business environment. The major factor affecting Elcom Technology Company includes stiff competition from Webcoda, Piran Digital and Web design City Companies in Sydney Gubbi et al. (2013. P. 1652). Other factors may include changes in the management, employment of qualified staff and physical assets, machines and equipment available for the company to work efficiently. Management Plan Elcom Company has a sound master plan comprising qualified management staff. Moreover, it has elconCMS experts who provide upgrading and installation support (Leitch, and Warren, 2015. P. 90.) The company has adequate monitoring preventing controllable disasters, backups, security and compliances such as the PCI and HIPAA. The above activities ensure a perpetual succession of the company because the management is well equipped and structured to prevent the collapse of the business. Marketing Plan The Elcom managers are working hard by the use of marketing technology integration to put up advertisement campaigns especially on the internet for marketing purposes. They use video advertising, multi, and cross-channel marketing as well as paying researchers to collect data for the organization. The CRM software enables this company to manage customer data, merge business, administration and marketing processes which make it easy to navigate inherent challenges associated with web management. However, there are external factors which create a barrier towards marketing activities of the organization. External Factors Affecting Marketing Physical factors: The people living outside cities may not be in a position to know the services offered by the company probably due to slow internet speed. For instance, areas like Monaro region of the New South Wales. This increases costs for Elcom Company to advertise through other media apart from video streaming on the internet. It may be forced to use billboards, TV broadcasting and posters which raise the cost of promotion. Economic factors: Marketing may be influenced by changes in different rates, interest rates and income of the consumers. Economic factors are not fixed in Australia. This makes it difficult to predict and adjust to the fluctuating economy. For example, forecasting consumer spending pattern may turn out to give wrong results. Similarly, the government, through its central bank may participate in influencing the economy, for example, through altering exchange rate and currency valuation to give the required GDP and GNP. Socio-cultural factors: People have different beliefs, tastes, preferences and interests. Due to the existence of other competing services such as the Web Coverage Services (WCS) and Web Map Services (WMS), some people may prefer them unlike those offered by the Elcom Company. This may be due to social standards and class, time, and available resources. These factors may lead to increased cost of marketing to convince the public to purchase the companys services. Technological factors: Are the most favorable for Elcom Company because it is a technology service provider. It uses elcomCMS to perform different tasks on the internet, for example, to provide advertising video streaming on web pages. This forms a suitable medium for conveying information to the users. It generates a very effective method due to flexibility and expertise of the web designers. Financial Plan Elcom has an excellent source of capital arising from the subscribers of the company software such as the elcomCMS for web management. It also gets finance through the installation of intranet to different organizations. However, the biggest issue facing the company is high expenditure on some aspects. For example, advertising, acquisition of assets and general expenses. Current External Trends Affecting Elcoms Financial Plan Ever-changing technology: Since Elcom is a technology service providing company, it has to incur costs in trying to acquire machines and related equipment to keep up with the latest technology. It has to purchase new computers, network routers and update its software to the current versions. Although the process will provide better results, the cost of upgrading is relatively higher. Globalization: Due to the emergence of companies going international, Elcom Technology Company has diversified to the USA where it has a subsidiary branch in San Francisco. This process is likely to generate revenue for the company. However, there may be stiff competition from Tenddo Inc. and Yeti LLC which provides the same services as Elcom (Lee, Hancock, and Hu, 2014.P.90.) The competition may cause fewer customers for the company making it generate possible losses. It, therefore, has to spend much capital on advertising and making the business popular with the Americans to gain clients. If the subsidiary company makes losses, the expenses are incurred to the headquarter company. Unstable Economy: The fluctuation of inflation and interest rates is causing a challenge for the Elcom Company. This occurs because the company does not only deal with Australians, but it also sells its services to the outside world. This means it is transacting trade between different economies with different rates. It may end up spending more due to various legal formalities signed, and during the conversion of currency especially when the foreign country is experiencing inflation. If the economy were stable, the company would not spend such costs saving on its funds. E-commerce: Einav et al. (2014. P.492) defines it as carrying out transactions electronically using the internet. This technology assists Elcom to save time, expand its sale of goods instantly after making a deal with the clients and efficient procurement. However, it causes the company to spend many funds on ensuring that it has employed vendors to bid for the business. Secondly, it has to make sure that there are no fraud or security issues which may lead to loss of their software. E-commerce provides the buyer with numerous sellers. Therefore, the company has to give an attractive deal, for example, giving a discount or lowering prices to capture the attention of the buyers. Such activities decrease the overall revenue of the company causing a financial challenge. International cybercrime: This act is commonly known as hacking. An individual illegally performs an internet-mediated activity in worldwide electronic networks for his or her personal gain. Since Elcom deals with web content management as well as the sale of intranet software, an IT individual may carry out cyber-crime activity and get the companys software free. The hacker may then sell the programs cheaply distorting the market for Elcom Company. The Company, therefore, spends additional capital to prevent leaking and illegal acquisition of their programs to unauthorized persons. More funds are devoted to upgrading to the latest Internet security because as the technology level rises, the higher the chances of cybercrime. Conclusion A business plan is quite essential for an organization because it provides forecasts on sales, marketing, products and financial matters. This paper concludes by offering some of the merits and demerits that the business plan can have for the company. Pros: Attracting Investors: A well-structured business plan will present a good impression on investors who may turn out to be interested in the organization. They will see how much the company has done and what it aspires to do. They will, therefore, participate in providing finance and other inputs for the enterprise to achieve its set objectives which will yield them dividends from their investments. Clarification: It clarifies the mission and vision statement making the employees and the management to work towards achieving it. The managers set objectives and put all necessary measures to see them completed. Otherwise were it not for a business plan, workers would just work to earn wages and salaries without caring for the welfare of the organization. Supporting growth and Development: It aims at providing newer opportunities for the team which makes it grow and develop. The process ensures continuity of the organization which motivates the employees about future job security, and the management is happy about the successful achievement of their plans. Management of Cash Flows: The program shows various ways through which the organization obtains cash from its operating activities and its investments. It also shows how the funds are used, for example, to finance numerous areas to set up more investments. The Medium of Communication: It passes information to various stakeholders describing what the management is intending to do within a given period in future. It serves as a better medium since it keeps a record, and is sent to the concerned group of individuals only. If the plans were announced verbally, it would be too public, and the stakeholders may not capture all information published on the business plan. Strategy for an Exit: At times, an organization reaches the final point in the corporate production stage which is harvest or exit. The business, therefore, will need to prepare a business plan to show its preferred method of exit, for example, going public (Initial public offering), being acquired by the competitors, merging, management buy-outs, family successions, and complete winding up. Cons: Time-consuming: Developing a business plan takes too long since the management has to prepare numerous meetings to discuss the issue. Discouragements: In case the company is drafting a business plan for exiting from the industry, the employees morale will be lowered, and its performance may begin to decline. Uncertainty: Making the plan does not mean the organization will achieve what it plans. It does not give any assure the firm for the success. However, this mainly happens when the management has prepared weak plans which may fail to work or result in insignificant contribution. Recommendation An organization is advised to prepare well-structured business plans for handling strategic plans. They should be well discussed and implemented before they are put into action. Similarly, Elcon Technology should ensure the adoption of all the strategies discussed throughout the business plan. References Betts, K., 2014. The ageing of the Australian population: triumph or disaster? Boons, F. and Ldeke-Freund, F., 2013. Business models for sustainable innovation: state-of-the-art and steps towards a research agenda. Journal of Cleaner Production, 45, pp.9-19. Dermol, V., 2012. Relationship between mission statement and company performance. Annals of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University-Economics, 59(1), pp.321-336. Einav, L., Levin, J., Popov, I. and Sundaresan, N., 2014. Growth, adoption, and use of mobile E-commerce. The American economic review, 104(5), pp.489-494. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S. and Palaniswami, M., 2013. Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions. Future Generation Computer Systems, 29(7), pp.1645-1660. Lee, J.H., Hancock, M.G. and Hu, M.C., 2014. Towards an effective framework for building smart cities: Lessons from Seoul and San Francisco. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 89, pp.80-99. Leitch, S. and Warren, M., 2015. Applying classification controls to Internet content in Australia. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 13(2), pp.82-97. Ramakrishnan, T., Jones, M.C. and Sidorova, A., 2012. Factors influencing business intelligence (BI) data collection strategies: An empirical investigation. Decision Support Systems, 52(2), pp.486-496. Simn-Moya, V. and Revuelto-Taboada, L., 2016. Revising the predictive capability of business plan quality for new firm survival using qualitative comparative analysis. Journal of Business Research, 69(4), pp.1351-1356.

Stars And Galaxies Essays - Spectroscopists, Stellar Astronomy

Stars And Galaxies Have you ever looked up at the sky and wondered what are those bright and shiny things up there. Stars: a natural luminious body visible in the sky especially at night. A self-luminious gaseous celestial body ofgreat mass which produces energy by means of nuclear fusion reactions, whose shape is usually spheroidal, and whose size may be as small as the earth or larger than the earth's orbit. Galaxies: Any of the very large groups of stars and associated matter that are found throughout the universe. In 1802, William Wollaston noted that the spectrum of sunlight did not appear to be a continious band of colors, but rather had a series of dark lines superimposed on it. Wollaston attributed the lines to natural boundaries between colors. Joseph Fraunhofer made a more careful set of observations of the solar spectrum in 1814 and found some 600 dark lines, and he specifically measured the wavelenght of 324 of them. Many of the Fraunhofer lines in the solar spectrum retain the notations he created to designate them. In 1864, Sir William Huggins matched some of these dark lines in the spectra from other stars with terrestrial substances, demonstrating that the stars are made of the same materials of everyday material rather than exotic substances. This paved the way for modern spectroscopy. Since even before the discovery of the spectra, scientists had tried to find ways to catergorize stars. By observing spectra , astronomers realized that the large numbers of stars exhibit a small number of distinct patterns in their spectral lines. Classification by the spectral features quickly proved to be a powerful tool for understanding stars. The current spectral classification scheme was developed at Harvard Observatory in the early 20th century. Work was begun by Henry Draper who photographed the first spectrum of Vega in 1872. After his death, his wife donated the equipment and a sum of money to the Observatory to continue his work. The bulk of classification work was done by Annie Jump Cannon from 1918 to 1924. The original scheme used capital letters running alphabetically, but the subsequent revisions have reduced this as stellar evolution and typing has become better understood. The work was published in the Henry Draper Catalog and Henry Draper Extension which contained spectra of 225,000 stars down to ninth magnitude. The scheme is based on lines which are mainly sensitiveto stellar surface tempertures rather than actual composition differences,gravity, or luminosity. Inportant lines Poetry Essays